nature of substances

nature of substances 1. Nature of substances: Simple particles react faster than complex particles. In complex molecules more bonds have to be broken. This means more energy is needed to form the activated complex. Particles such as atoms or ions in solution react more quickly than complex molecules. Surface area of reactants: The greater the surface area of the reactants the faster the reaction will take place. This is because a greater surface area means more collisions between reacting particles. When a substance is ground into a powder this increases its surface area. Concentration of reactants (or pressure of gases): An increase in concentration increases the rate of a reaction. The increased concentration means more collisions between reacting particles. Temperature: An increase in temperature increases the rate of a reaction. At a higher temperature particles move faster and have more kinetic energy. When particles collide they do so with enough energy to reach the activated complex. Heating a reaction means there will be a larger number of collisions and more of these collisions will be effective. A temperature increase of 10ËšC, will double the rate of a reaction. Use of Catalysts: A catalyst is a substance that will speed up a reaction without undergoing any permanent change. Catalysts lower the activation energy in a reaction by holding particles onto their surface and pointing them in the correct direction for a product to form. A substance that slows down a chemical reaction and makes it harder for a product to form is called an inhibitor. 2. The term quantitative approach (the determination of the absolute or relative abundance (often expressed as a concentration) of one, several or all particular substance(s) present in a sample.) is often used in comparison (or contrast) with qualitative approach, which seeks information about the identity or form of substance present. For instance, a chemist might be given an unknown solid sample. He or she will use qualitative techniques (perhaps NMR or IR spectroscopy) to identify the compounds present, and then quantitative techniques to determine the amount of each compound in the sample. Careful procedures for recognizing the presence of different metal ions have been developed, although they have largely been replaced by modern instruments; these are collectively known as qualitative inorganic analysis. Similar tests for identifying organic compounds (by testing for different functional groups) are also known. Many techniques can be used for either qualitative or quantitative measurements. For instance, suppose an indicator solution changes colour in the presence of a metal ion. It could be used as a qualitative test: does the indicator solution change colour when a drop of sample is added? It could also be used as a quantitative test, by studying the colour of the indicator solution with different concentrations of the metal ion. (This would probably be done using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy.) 3.To ensure no residue is left to affect further experiments by either contamination or to ensure a powder is not mixed. 4. a) Litmus Paper is a paper containing dyes which change colour when exposed to acids or bases. It is used to identify acid and bases b)A mixture of 10-15 natural dyes obtained from lichens (mainly Roccella tinctoria) that turns red in response to acidic conditions (pH 7). When the pH is neutral (pH = 7) then the dye is purple. c)To allow the litmus paper to absorb the pH of a solid object. 5. Precipitation is the formation of a solid in a solution during a chemical reaction. When the reaction occurs, the solid formed is called the precipitate, and the liquid remaining above the solid is called the supernate. 6. Mix acid with water, water first and next acid. The reason is that when you mix acid to water the concentration of the acid is immediately diluted by water and the gradient or the concentration difference between the water and the acid keeps decreasing gradually so is the liberation of heat and is safer. Mixing concentrated acid and water is highly exothermic in some cases the amount of heat generated can instantly boil. So if you add water to the concentrated acid the small amount of water will instantly boil and splatter hot acid all over the place. Some acids will generate Hydrogen gas and will ignite and explode. If you add the acid to the water the water can absorb most of the heat and it wont splatter or explode. 7. Light the match first. If one was to turn the gas valve on before lighting the match, then the gas could build up and cause an explosion once the match is lit. This is why it is important to light the match first then turn on the gas valve. 8. a) To test for the presence of oxygen gas, collect a sample of the gas in a small container such as a test tube. Light a wooden splint. Blow out the flame, but make sure that the tip of the splint has a reddish, glowing tip. Insert the glowing splint into the mouth of the test tube. If the glowing splint bursts into flame, the gas is oxygen. b) To test for the presence of hydrogen gas, collect a sample of the gas in a small container such as a test tube. Light a wooden splint, but do not blow out the flame. Insert the burning splint into the mouth of the test tube. If the gas is hydrogen, you will hear a slight explosive pop sound. c) To test for the presence of carbon dioxide gas, collect a sample of the gas in a small container such as a test tube. Add a small amount (2 to 3 ml) of lime water to the test tube and shake the test tube to mix the gas and the lime water. If the lime water solution turns a milky white, the gas is carbon dioxide. This test works because lime water and carbon dioxide gas react to form a white precipitate. A second test is to light a wooden splint. Place the burning splint into the mouth of the test tube. If the flame is extinguished, the gas may be carbon dioxide. Since carbon dioxide is neither explosive nor does it support combustion, placing a burning splint into the mouth of the test tube containing carbon dioxide extinguishes the flame. This second test is not a positive test for carbon dioxide however since other gases may also extinguish a flame since they too do not support burning. Therefore, the first test is better. 9. Place an Alka Seltzer tablet in the bottom of a balloon or plastic sandwich bag. Tie the encased tablet tightly with a rubber band or string, then fill the remainder of the balloon or bag with water and seal it with another rubber band or a piece of string. Carbon dioxide gas can be produced by loosening the rubber band or string around the tablet and allowing the water to reach the tablet. 10. Oxygen 11. a) A balanced equation contains equal numbers of each element on the reactant and on the product side of the equation. b) i) (s) Solid ii) ( ) iii) (g) Gaseous iv) (ag) Aqueous ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; f v) ( ↑ ) kjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj g vi) ( ↓ ) kjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj g vii) ( = ) 12.a) A chemical reaction in which heat is absorbed, because the products are higher in energy than the reactants b) A chemical reaction in which heat is released, because the products are of lower energy than the reactants c) Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction) describes all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation number (oxidation state) changed. This can be either a simple redox process such as the oxidation of carbon to yield carbon dioxide or the reduction of carbon by hydrogen to yield methane (CH4), or it can be a complex process such as the oxidation of sugar in the human body through a series of very complex electron transfer processes. d) Thermal decomposition, also called thermolysis, is defined as a chemical reaction when a chemical substance breaks up into at least two chemical substances when heated. The reaction is usually endothermic as heat is required to break chemical bonds in the compound undergoing decomposition. e) f) 13. 1 dm ³ = cm ³ = m ³ = ml = l 14. a) b) Litres (l) or cubic metre (m3) c) d) e) f) Second (s) g) Kilogram (kg) h) Grams per mole (g/mol or gmol-1)

Foreign vs. American Women in Marriage :: essays research papers

Foreign Vs. American Women Since the beginning, relationships between man and woman have been very hard to understand and conglomerate into one persona. There is always the level of interest between the male and female that must to exist to allow the relationships infancy. According to the Bible, the woman was a gift from God, designed to aid the man in his work for God. Wars started leaving peace or hatred between countries over the many years of our existence. The amount of time countries refused foreign relations created differences in looks, actions, ideals, and beliefs of its culture. Not much thoughts given to the female race and impacts they received from the lack of diversity. The question of today, due to increasing divorce rates, is should she be a Foreigner or American. According to nomarriage.com, 'A huge percentage of American women are selfish, flighty, insecure, needy, and psychotic.' Often Foreign women, portray many of the qualities American women out-grew in the ever-increasing crunch for liberation of freedoms. Another difference would be in outward attitude portrayal. Quoted from nomarraige.com, 'Women in America seem to have cold, superficial, or stuck-up attitudes.' Foreign women hold themselves in the center of their relationships by not passing any judgments. American women of today are trying to achieve the top of the professional ladder, leaving less time for family. Enticing them to do what man seemingly suppressed her from doing all these years, while the foreign women are perfectly happy with their femininity and try to progress with their husbands forward. The divorce rates are extremely higher in American-to-American marriages. The Foreign-to-American divorce rate is currently 20% as stated by United States Citizenshi p and Immigration Services (USCIS). American-to-American divorce rate is within the 45%-55% range based on a study by divorcestatistics.org. Foreign women tend to have different physical features. The rare physical features are intriguing and above the regular, that we see each day. This often causes animosity from the western women who are comfortable in our land of opportunity. Foreign women tend to speak a minimum of two different languages, allowing ease in communication proficiency and understanding different cultures. All the females of the world, however, possess the heart that loves a man. Whether an American or foreigner, at one point the female will truly love the man she courted.

Business Model for Grandmas Treats Essay

There are many ways through which a business can go online. This paper examines a few of the online business models and helps find out which among these business models best suits â€Å"Grandmas Treats†. Site types While there are many different types of online business models, there are three most common ones viz. auction, portal and storefront. â€Å"Auction models are those in which the participants bid for products or services over the internet. The auction sites sometimes do not own the products on its site, but facilitates the process of listing and displaying goods as an affiliate† (Kinsler, 2009) Commissions are the main source of revenue in the auction business model. Advertising also forms a small portion of the revenue. In a portal business model, the so called portal website is like a gateway to the customers to various online stores. It provides personalized information to the users. A major portion of revenue in such a model is usually from personalized advertising. â€Å"The store front business model is a shopping location that customers can browse and shop from the comfort of their homes, and where businesses can advertise their products and services for a fraction of the cost of brick and mortar businesses† (Kinsler, 2009) The store front shop can reach its customer either directly or through the portals such as Yahoo or Google. The store front business model is best suited for individual businesses which provide a unique product offering. Companies that use these business models Portal business model – Yahoo According to Deitel and Deitel: Sites such as yahoo. com provide users with a shopping page that links them to thousands of sites carrying a variety of products†¦ Yahoo! provides consumer with shopping-cart capabilities†¦ To improve the quality of its web searching capabilities, Yahoo! as partnered with Google. com search engine†¦ Yahoo! is made more attractive for the user†¦ As this model needs the user to register, the web page that opens after registration is a personalized one based on the information provided by the users. (Deitel and Deitel, 2000) Thus Yahoo’s portal model is convenient for customers who need to shop a variety of similar or dissimilar produc ts. Say when a consumer is done shopping and is ready to check out, he can purchase all their items through the single portal (Yahoo! ) rather than purchasing at each store. This simplifies the purchasing process and provides convenience to the customer. Auction business model – eBay Another type of business model is the auction model. Such websites act as forums through which internet users can be either a seller or bidder. Online auction off late has become a very popular and successful method of e-commerce. The leading company in this business is e-bay. It is one of the most profitable businesses. On eBay people are able to buy and sell almost everything. eBay has spawned a number of businesses that use the site as their means of selling products. The main advantage that e-bay offers is that there are no overhead or upfront costs. The seller can sell his product without incurring any high costs as he does not need sales staff or distributors. There is also no need of any initial investment and most importantly the seller gets access to millions of online auctions from buying customers. And hence it has become a forum where there are no geographical constraints. Bidders and sellers from all over the world can come together and moreover there is no need to ship the products to a central location which reduces the costs and the seller’s minimum acceptable price. Many businesses would prefer eBay as they can avoid losses on sale of items by setting the minimum bid price high enough to cover their cost. Advantages Yahoo which uses the portal business model has a lot advantages over its competitors. Many of the websites are viewed by the users mainly through the portals (through yahoo search, yahoo shopping etc†¦) thus Yahoo can leverage this to generate revenues. Similarly eBay offers many of the businesses a platform to showcase their products in its site. Thus it could generate revenues by charging those businesses which benefit by utilizing the eBay auction system. Business model for â€Å"Grandmas Treats† â€Å"Grandmas Treats† has a specialty product i. e. low sugar bakery products which it needs to make available to its customers through the World Wide Web. Since Grandmas Treats has a unique product which it needs to take to its customers, it would be appropriate for it to make use of the storefront business model. It could also make use of the internet portals such as Yahoo or Google to direct more customers to its website. Would dynamic pricing apply for â€Å"Grandmas Treats†? Grandmas Treats’ core product is low sugar baked products. The target customers for Grandmas Treats would be those who are calorie conscious and those who are with specific ailments such as diabetes. These customers usually prefer a low sugar food product as compared to the normal food products. Hence Grandmas Treats could expect to have more or less constant demand for its product in the market. Therefore â€Å"Grandmas Treats† need not have to use dynamic pricing.

Being Poor †Theology Informal Essay

Being Poor – Theology Informal Essay Free Online Research Papers Being Poor Theology Informal Essay My daughter had a startling revelation. It happened in her freshman year of high school. One day she came home in tears. After supper she tearfully asked, â€Å"Dad, why didn’t you tell me we were poor?† The question momentarily shocked me and grieved my heart. All normal fathers want to adequately provide for their families. I asked her, â€Å"Who said that we were poor?† classmates,†she answered while wiping a â€Å"Some of my friends and tear from her eye. â€Å"We are not rich but we are not poor,† I replied. â€Å"Have you ever gone hungry? Do you lack clothes to wear? Don’t we have a house to live in with running water, indoor plumbing, and electricity? It’s true, we are not rich, but we are not poor.† A couple of years later my daughter was blessed to go on a youth mission’s trip to an Indian reservation in Arizona. There she saw stark, grinding poverty. She is now preparing to be involved in medical missions and hopes to someday serve in some capacity in Africa. Perhaps the word poor is a relative term. When one is really poor, they don’t need to be told, they know it, feel it, and live it. A young man became addicted to drugs. He lost his friends, family, and dignity. One night he climbed into a dumpster for the first time. He suddenly realized that he was poor, destitute, bound, and friendless. Jesus loves the poor. He came â€Å"to preach the gospel to the poor† (Matthew 11:5). A rich, religious young man came to Jesus. Jesus told him to sell everything he had and give to the poor. â€Å"And you will have treasure in heaven and follow me.† The young man went away sad because he had much riches. Jesus told a parable in which the master told his servant to go out into the highways, hedges, streets, and lanes of the city and bring in the poor, maimed, lame, and the blind to a great feast, because the rich had spurned the master’s invitation. (Luke 14:16-24) David tells us to praise the Lord because, â€Å"He raises the poor out of the dust and lifts the needy out of the ash heap† (Psalm 113:7). God doesn’t condemn the poor. His ears are open to their cry. God’s people are commanded to â€Å"Open your mouth for the speechless . . . and plead the cause of the poor and needy† (Proverbs 31:8-9). God blesses those who deal out their bread to the poor. (Isaiah 58) â€Å"Pure religion and undefiled is to visit the widows and orphans and minister to their needs† (James 1:27). James reminds us that God shows no favoritism nor should we. â€Å"Listen, my beloved brethren, has not God chosen the poor of this world to be rich in faith and heirs of the kingdom which He promised to those who love Him?† (James 2:1-8). Why does God love and care about the poor? Consider how God demonstrated His love towards us. (Romans 5:8) We hear a lot of rags to riches stories, but few riches to rags stories. Jesus left the glories and riches of heaven to be born in a stable and become one with us. (Philippians 2) The Apostle Paul focuses on this mind-boggling revelation in his epistles. â€Å"For you know, the grace of the Lord Jesus Christ, that though He was rich, yet for your sakes He became poor, that you through His poverty might become rich† (II Corinthians 8:9). If you have Jesus you are rich in God’s grace, mercy, blessings, and eternal life. Is every believer to be rich in this world’s goods? Is the American Dream the promise of the gospel? Are material goods the proof of faith and Christian maturity? Paul knew the secret one contentment in all things. â€Å"Rejoicing as poor, yet making many rich, as having nothing yet possessing all things† (II Corinthians 6:10). Jesus taught us to pray and trust God to supply our daily needs. He told us that our heavenly Father takes care of the birds of the air and we are more valuable to Him than they. (Matthew 6:1-4, 19-21) God promises to supply our every need â€Å"according to his riches in glory by Christ Jesus† (Philippians 4:19). We must only trust and obey Him. Jesus gave us a key to the kingdom of heaven. â€Å"Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven† (Matthew 5:3). It is the poor in spirit who realize that they need Jesus and God’s grace and mercy. To them belong the riches of God’s kingdom. Jesus rebuked the church of Laodicia who thought that they were â€Å"rich, increased with goods, and in need of nothing . . . and do not know you are wretched, miserable, poor, blind, and naked† (Revelation 3:17). That’s really being poor! If you have Jesus you are never poor. You are rich indeed! But we must always be â€Å"poor in spirit† and see our need of Jesus as Savior and Lord. Jesus invites you to come to Him for true riches. â€Å"Behold, I stand at the door and knock, if any man hear my voice and opens unto me, I will come into him and sup with him and he with me† (Revelation 3:20). Research Papers on Being Poor - Theology Informal Essay19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseHip-Hop is ArtComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionPETSTEL analysis of IndiaTrailblazing by Eric Anderson

Herbicides Used to Control or Kill Woody Stemmed Plants

Herbicides Used to Control or Kill Woody Stemmed Plants The United States Department of Agriculture takes herbicide application practices very seriously. You have to have a state pesticide handlers license to apply many of these chemicals or even to purchase them. I have developed this list of chemicals as a general overview of herbicides used to control of woody stemmed pests. Ways to apply an herbicide are numerous. They can  be applied to foliage or soil, they can be injected into the bark or sprayed on stumps. It all depends on the specific chemical formulation you are using.  Here are some application methods for these chemicals which should be used according to labeling instructions. Woody-stemmed Herbicides and How They are Applied These chemicals are listed by generic name, brand name and application method. Some of these herbicides may now be out of favor or have been added to a restricted list so use this list only as a starting guide. All links are to Cornell Universitys Pesticide Management Education Program. This is not an all-inclusive listing and is intended to give an overall view of available woody stem control chemicals and how they are applied: Amitrole (Amitrol-T) - foliar spray Bromacil (Hyvar) - broadcast treatment 2,4-D (several trade names) - foliar spray Dichlorprop (2,4-DP, Weedone 2,4-DP) - foliar spray Dicamba (Banvel) - cut surface Fosamine (Krenite) - foliage treatment Glyphosate (Roundup) - foliar spray Hexazinone (Velpar) - soil uptake Imazapyr (Arsenal) - foliar, frill, stump treatment Metsulfuron (Escort) - foliar spray Picloram (Tordon) - broadcast, foliar, frill treatment Tebuthiuron (Spike) - broadcast treatment Triclopyr (Garlon) - spray This listing is intended to be used as a general guide only. Before using any herbicide consult the label before using. Remember that labels change frequently and often contain special restrictions reguarding specific use of the chemical. How to Kill a Tree Using HerbicidesHow to Kill a Tree Without ChemicalsList of Approved Tree Control Chemicals

Los Recuerdos del Provenir de Elena Garro. (En Espanol) Essay

Los Recuerdos del Provenir de Elena Garro. (En Espanol) - Essay Example Igualmente se sabe que la iglesia tomo la decision de oponer resistencia a las medidas impuestas por el gobierno. Sin embargo, las hostilidades por parte del sector oficial no solo tuvieron un efecto considerable en la vida de las personas dedicadas a la iglesia, sino que causo que el pueblo se sintiera ofendido y amenazado. Estos sentimientos los llevo a defender a una institucion que jugaba un rol de cierta importancia en el pais. El origen de la guerra cristera se debio a un numero de medidas tomadas por los gobernantes de Mexico durante el periodo que siguio a la Revolucion mexicana, cuando el general Plutarco Elias Calles habia tomado el poder. Entre las medidas promulgadas se encontraba la separacion entre la Iglesia catolica y el Estado. Adicionalmente, a esta institucion religiosa se le impidio desempenar ciertos roles dentro de la comunidad y se suprimieron un gran numero de sus derechos. En el libro Los recuerdos del porvenir la comunidad de Ixtepec se entera de las medidas tomadas por el estado una manana ? el grito de los voceadores de los diarios anunciaba la suspension de los cultos religiosos atraveso las calles del pueblo, se introdujo en los comercios, penetro en las casas y puso en movimiento a los habitantes ? (Garro 157). La suspension de las ceremonias religiosas es una de las tantas medidas amparadas por dos nuevas constituciones. La primera constitucion, por ejemplo, le prohibio a la iglesia poseer propiedades inmobiliarias y la segunda le permitio al estado decidir el la cantidad de iglesias y sacerdotes en cada region. Los sacerdotes no podian realizar su labor: ? el pueblo se encuentra cortado de los sacramentos, no se puede bautizar a un nino, no se puede contraer matrimonio, confesar, comulgar. Se tiene que morir como perro callejero, sin queja, tras una vida miserable ? (Meyer, XII). En la historia, el gobierno envia a soldados a que cierren por la fuerza todas las iglesias e impedirles la entrada a los habitantes del pueblo. En la historia, se puede apreciar que los militares estan dispuestos a prohibir la entrada a la iglesia por medio de la violencia, como si los ciudadanos fueran el enemigo: ? bajo los almendros quedaron mujeres con las cabezas rotas a culatazos y hombres con las caras destrozadas a puntapies ? (Garro 162). Estas acciones son un ejemplo de intimidacion desmedida que afecta a todos los ciudadanos que osen dar su apoyo a la iglesia y constituye uno de los elementos detonantes del movimiento cristero. No contentos con el uso de la violencia contra el pueblo indefenso, los militares hacen del conocimiento publico que por ley ellos tienen el deber de apresar a los miembros del clero y, hasta se podria decir, que la vida de los padres y curas corria peligro. En la novela, uno de los personajes expresa que el padre Beltran habia desaparecido ? la gente decia que habia decidido darse a la fuga aunque se ignoraba la direccion en la que se habia dirigido. Otros personajes decian que el padre estaba detenido en Ixtepec y que los militares pensaban matar lo cualquier noche ? (Garro 164). Es obvio que las acciones del gobierno habian un estado de incertidumbre, angustia y, mas tarde, ultraje entre los ciudadanos. Saber que un personaje tan cercano a la comunidad se habia esfumado no era un buen presagio. Se elaboran muchas conjeturas pero mas adelante uno de los person

Crisis Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Crisis Management - Essay Example It consists of techniques of how to prepare for and respond to a negative events and it includes actions well-coordinated which will control the damage and preserve or restore public confidence to the organization. a) first, the leader should set with the help of his/her top management team, a crisis management plan which should be in accordance with the values and the philosophy of the organization and which identifies different levels of crisis in the organization. b) Create a crisis management team which will identify possible crises and develop plans, roles and responsibility for preparing and mitigating each of the crises. The leader should help this team in analyzing crisis by various attributes such as industry, location, process etc. From 1990 - 2007 , according to ICM, the white collar crime is still number one in the list of most common crises, followed by mismanagement, workplace violence, labor disputes and class action suits. The top executives are the ones that made the news in 2007 for mismanagement and white collar crime. Workplace violence recorded the biggest increase of any of the 16 crisis types ICM tracks. The types of crises that ICM tracks are the following: catastrophes, casualty accidents, environmental, class action lawsuits consumer activism, defects& recalls, discrimination, executive dismissal, financial damages, hostile takeover, labor disputes, mismanagement, sexual harassment, whistle blowers, white collar crime and workplace violence. It is impressive that product defects and recalls rise up to 44% over the year before. The most crisis prone industries in 2007 were: software makers, pharmaceutical companies, petroleum refining, natural gas companies, security brokers/dealers, banking,