Cultural Euro Disney

Sample details Pages: 18 Words: 5435 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Cultural Euro Disney The word management originated in America and ever since assumptions have been made about the universal acceptability and success of their business practices. There are a number of international ventures which have failed miserably due to Americans not considering the cultural aspects when entering into business in a new country. Euro Disney is a perfect example of the failure of American business processes in another country. The primary aim of this article is to explain how Euro Disney suffered the costs of cultural miscalculations. Geert Hofstedes work on culture has served as the theoretical basis of this article. His dimensions of culture have been used to explain differences in American and French cultures the problems that occurred at Euro Disney. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Cultural Euro Disney | Cultural Studies Dissertations" essay for you Create order American businesses make assumptions about the transferability of their business, management, marketing, economic and structural models of organizing which frequently fail to take into consideration cultural differences. An example of the consequences of such an approach to intercultural business practice can be found in the Disney Corporations recent European venture, now called Disneyland, Paris. Lack of cultural sensitivity and the negative infiltration strategy used by the Disney Corporation resulted in a great loss of time, money and reputation for which the corporation has only recently begun to compensate. It is the primary thesis of this article that the initial losses experienced by the Disney Corporation may have been prevented if only its representatives had known then what they know now: simply put, that organizations are not distinct, separate entities capable of functioning outside their physical, social and cultural environments. That insight, of course, calls for a different approach to international business, one which begins with the most basic aspect of human organizations, namely effective, meaningful, communicative interactions between people. As international business is becoming critically important in this world of globalization, so is the need to understand cultures, cross cultural psychology and people across nations. There is a lot of focus on cultural studies and plenty of research is done in this area. Yet, there is a lot of scope for further studies due to the gaps in the research. Today there are several models which help understand how people from different nations are expected to act; the one by Geert Hofstede has become the most influential (Hong, Zhang Stump 2007, p. 60) The cultural dimensions by Geert Hofstede have served as the specific theoretical framework for this study. Although there are many criticisms to the Hofsteds model and his dimensions yet there is no other study that compares so many other national cultures in so much detail. Simply this is the best there is. (Mead chapter 2: pg 51) With the advancements in communication and technology, the physical distance between countries is diminishing (Angur et al. , 1994; Jandt, 1995; Samovar and Potter, 1995). This physical distance is not the only thing that needs to be bridged in order to when practicing international commerce. Hofstedes dimensions reflect a nations value system. From further reading into this dissertation have tried to show how American business management tends to assume that they have the best business people that lead to them having the best business practices. While they may work very successfully in their or cultural setting, they do not work across borders. Importance of the study: Scope of the study: Why did u choose this topic? There are many studies that have been conducted in the area of cross cultural psychology, but none that have tried to connect the problems faced at Euro-Disney to Hofstedes dimensions. These dimensions have served as the specific theoretical framework for this study. Purpose, what are we trying to do These dimensions reflect a nations value system. Power distance and Uncertainty Avoidance affects how an organization is structured and how it functions. The two main problems that an organization can face are How to distribute power, and How to avoid uncertainty. Through this research, have tried to show how these two factors were taken for granted at Euro Disney. Furthermore, this research aims at studying the implications of the four dimensions on the working of MNCs and How will it help others and how can they use it for further research My work is a sincere effort to contribute to cultural literature. I hope it proves to be beneficial for further research studies. Overview of the study: Chapter 3 (Case of Euro Disney): This chapter describes all the stages of the research process in carrying out the present study. In particular this chapter gives a clear definition of the research method employed including sampling and data analysis. Chapter 2 (Literature review): This chapter will begin by outlining the existing literature on the concepts of brands, brand image, private brands and consumers perceptions toward private brands. Also in an attempt to meet the main research objective, the other areas (sub-objectives of this research study) such asconsumers attitudes preferences, brand loyalty, brand awareness toward private brands and positioning strategies of private brands have been rigorously discussed, which will provide full support to this research study. Chapter 4 (Discussion): This chapter discusses the results of the research, in particular, presenting statements made by informants with regards to themes that emerged from the transcripts. The chapter ends with a summary taking into account the exploratory nature of the research, and the importance of insight. Chapter 5 (Conclusion Recommendations): This chapter deals the conclusion of the present research study. It will be presented in light of research findings from Chapter 4. By referring to existing literature the discussion will highlight major findings in conjunction to identity development. At the end of the chapter, recommendations for further research will be given. Literature Review As Americans, the word Euro is believed to mean glamorous or exciting. For Europeans it turned out to be a term they associated with business, currency, and commerce. Renaming the park Disneyland Paris was a way of identifying it with one of the most romantic and exciting cities in the world (Eisner). Culture 500-700 Layers of culture 200 Cultural studies Cross cultural management 500-600 Importance of hrm in a cross cultural context International Business and importance of CCM Importance of culture in a international context 500 Theoretical background : Hofstedes diemsions of culture 1300 Case 1100 Reasons 1000 Discussion :using hotsedes dimensions explaining differences cross continents and cultures 2000 Conclusion 600-700 limitations of the study, limitations of hofsteds model American business leaders often assume that physical distance is the only gulf that needs to be bridged in international commerce. (473 pg1. last line) As a matter of fact bridging this gap is just one of the steps in international business. It is much more complicated and a number of factors need to be kept in mind. According to Adler (1986:13)in 473 it is the lack of academic interrogations by cultural scholars that has lead to American parochialism Culture Culture is an umbrella word that encompasses a whole set of implicit, widely shared beliefs, traditions, values and expectations that characterize a particular group of people(Consumer behaviour in travel and tourism By Abraham Pizam, Yoel Mansfeld, p393). There are as many definitions of culture as there are people who have tried to define it. While some phrase it in terms of metal programs others define it as the characteristics a person possesses. Hofstede (1994) defines culture as the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another (p. 180). While according to Kroeber and Parsons, culture is transmitted and created content and patterns of values, ideas and other symbolically meaningful systems as factor in the shaping of human behaviour and the artifacts produced through behaviour(pdf 473 page 2) According to Schein culture is A pattern of shared basic assumptions that the group learned as it solved its problems of external adaptation and internal integration, that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way you perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems. Organizational Culture Leadership by Edgar H Schein October 1996. According to Schein Culture exists at three levels, artifacts, exposed values and basic assumptions. Pizam (1993) also believes that there are levels of culture in the society. Firms and organizations are a part of the society/system and thus culture has an impact on them. Pizam argues that organizations are culture-bound, rather than being culture-free (Pizam, 1993: p. 219)-MMp2 Today there is growing importance of culture in cross border interactions. The role of human resources is very crucial as well. Effective human resource decisions and cultural sensitivity form two pillars for the success of an international business venture. The phrase Cross cultural management was first coined by in the year. There are examples of companies who failed due to HRs ignorance and cultural miscalculations. Theoretical background:- Hofstedes Dimensions Cultural dimensions by halls,trompenars, hofstedes, globe study. Although there are many criticisms to the Hofsteds model and his dimensions yet there is no other study that compares so many other national cultures in so much detail . Simply this is the best there is. ( Mead chapter 2: pg 51) As international business is becoming critically important in this world of globalization, so is the need to understand cultures and people across nations. There is a lot of focus on cultural studies and plenty of research is done in this area still there is a lot of scope for further studies due to gaps in research. Today there are several models which help understand how people from different nations are expected to act, the one by Geert Hofstede has become the most influential (Hong, Zhang Stump 2007, p. 60) Hofstedes Dimensions of national culture- Power Distance Index (PDI): Large versus Small power distance The basis for this dimension is the fact that inequality exists at all levels and areas of the society. Inequality exists in areas such as wealth, social status, power and prestige. The word power distance is taken from the work of Mulder (Reference hofstede p71). According to Mulders Power Distance Reduction theory, subordinated try to reduce the gap in power between them and their superiors. On the other hand the superiors try to maintain or increase the power distance. The PDI norm deals with the desirability or undesirability of dependence versus independence in society (Hofstede p. 93). Power distance is described as the degree to which there is unequal distribution of power in a society. This is accepted by the members of a society, organizations and nations which are less or more powerful. Behaviour of members of such institution is affected by the degree of power they posses. A high power distance index is characterized by hierarchical orders, close supervision, autocratic decision making and unequal distribution of power. Everybody has a place in the system which needs no clarification or justification. According to Hofstedes dimensions, Malaysia has the highest score on power distance (104) thus implying that the management would use a top-down information flow and there would be autocratic and paternalistic decision making. In a low PDI society, subordinates with the senior management together make decisions and have strong work ethics. It is characterised by equal distribution of power. Sweden is low on PDI (31)Individualism versus Collectivism (IDV) It deals with how members of a society view themselves compared to the rest of the society and is measured from completely collective (0) to completely individualistic (100). Individualism stands for a preference for a loosely knit social framework in society wherein individuals are supposed to take care of themselves and their immediate families only. Collectivism, on the other hand, stands for a preference for a tightly knit social framework in which individuals can expect their relatives, clan, or other in-group to look after them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty (it will be clear that the word collectivism is not used here to describe any particular political system). Hofstedes own definition is:Individualism pertains to societies in which the ties between the individuals are loose: everyone is expected to look after himself or herself and his or her immediate family. Collectivism as its opposite pertains to societies in which people from birth onward are integrated into strong, cohesive in-groups, which throughout peoples lifetimes continue to protect them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty. Hofstede Hofstede, 2005, p. 76 The fundamental issue addressed by this dimension is the degree of interdependence a society maintains among individuals: an extremely fundamental issue, regarding all societies in the world. It relates to peoples self-concept: T or we Thus, typical traits of countries scoring high on individualism is a frequent use of the word I (in comparison to emitting it, like in Spanish), tendency to live in small households and the expectation on people to have personal opinions on most matters. The three highest scoring countries in the original study were USA (91), Australia (90) and Great Britain (89) whereas the lowest scoring countries were Guatemala (6), Ecuador (8) and Panama (11) (Hofstede Hofstede, 2005, pp. 78-79). Masculinity (MAS) versus Femininity Masculinity stands for a preference in society for achievement, heroism,assertiveness, and material success. Its opposite, Femininity, stands for a preference for relationships, modesty, caring for the weak, and the quality of life. Hofstedes definition goes as follows; A society is called masculine when emotional gender roles are clearly distinct: men are supposed to be assertive, tough, and focused on material success, whereas women are supposed to be more modest, tender, and concerned with the quality of life. A society is called feminine when emotional gender roles overlap; both men and women are supposed to be modest, tender, and concerned with the quality of life. Hofstede Hofstede, 2005, p. 120 Masculinity versus Femininity (MAS) is somewhat unluckily named, since the name tends to give people associations with highly political matters although the dimension doesnt deal with those. A better name might have been Gender role stability, since this is what the dimension actually deals with. This fundamental issue addressed by this dimension is the way in which a society allocates social (as opposed to biological) roles to the sexes. Some societies strive for maximum social differentiation between the sexes. The norm is then that men are given the more outgoing, assertive roles and women the caring, nurturing roles. As in all societies most institutions are populated by men. Such maximum-social-differentiation societies will permeate their institutions with an assertive mentality. Such societies become performance societies evident even from the values of their women. these societies are referred to as masculine. (In the English language, male and female are used for the biological distinctions between the sexes; masculine and feminine for the social distinction. A man can be feminine, but he cannot be female. ) Other societies strive for minimal social differentiation between the sexes. This means that some women can take assertive roles if they want to but especially that some men can take relationship-oriented, modest, caring roles if they want to. Even in these societies, most institutions are populated by men (maybe slightly less than in masculine societies). The minimum-social-differentiation societies in comparison with their opposite, the maximum-social-differentiation societies, will permeate their institutions with a caring, quality-of-life orientated mentality. Such societies become welfare societies in which caring for all members, even the weakest, is an important goat for men as well as women. such societies are referred to as feminine. Masculine and feminine are relative qualifications: they express the relative frequency of values which in principle are present in both types of societies. The fact that even modern societies can be differentiated on the basis of the way they allocate their social sex role is not surprising in the light of anthropological research on non-literate, traditional societies in which the social sex role allocation is always one of the essential variables. Like the Individualism-Collectivism dimension, the Masculinity-Femininity dimension relates to peoples self-concept: who am l and what is my task in life? MAS is the only dimension where there are systematic differences between the biological genders in how they answer. The difference is correlated with two factors; age (older people tend to score more on the feminine side) and how masculine the country is overall (in feminine cultures both genders tend to score equally, whereas men score much higher than women in masculine cultures) (Hofstede Hofstede, 2005). Masculinity is represented by the high end of the scale. The three highest scoring countries in the original study were Japan (95), Austria (79) and Venezuela (73) whereas the lowest scoring countries were Sweden (5), Norway (8) and the Netherlands (14). (Hofstede Hofstede, 2005, pp. 120-121). Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI) Uncertainty Avoidance is the degree to which the members of a society feel uncomfortable with uncertainty and ambiguity. This feeling leads them to beliefs promising certainty and to maintaining institutions protecting conformity. Strong Uncertainty Avoidance societies maintain rigid codes of belief and behaviour and are intolerant towards deviant persons and ideas. They try to minimize the possibility of unstructured situations (situations that are novel, unknown, surprising, and different from usual) by strict laws and rules, safety and security measures, and on the philosophical and religious level by a belief in absolute Truth; there can only be one Truth and we have it. People in uncertainty avoiding countries are also more emotional, and motivated by inner nervous energy. Weak Uncertainty Avoidance societies maintain a more relaxed atmosphere in which practice counts more than principles and deviance is more easily tolerated. They are more tolerant of opinions different from what they are used to; they try to have as few rules as possible, and on the philosophical and religious level they are relativist and allow many currents to flow side by side. People within these cultures are more phlegmatic and contemplative, and not expected by their environment to express emotions The UAI deals with how people within a given culture handle anxiety. It needs to be stressed that UAI is not the same as risk avoidance risk is focused on something specific whereas UAI deals with the unspecific general. The definition of UAI is the extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by ambiguous or unknown situations (Hofstede Hofstede, 2005, p. 167). The fundamental issue addressed by this dimension is how a society reacts on the fact that time only runs one way and that the future is unknown: whether it tries to control the future or to let it happen. Like Power Distance, Uncertainty Avoidance has consequences for the way people build their institutions and organizations. Typical of countries with high UAI is a need for written and unwritten rules. The three highest scoring countries in the original study were Greece (112), Portugal (104) and Guatemala (101) whereas the lowest scoring countries were Singapore (8), Jamaica (13) and Denmark (23) (Hofstede Hofstede, 2005). Long-Term Orientation (LTO) versus Short-Term Orientation This fifth dimension was found in a study among students in 23 countries around the world, using a questionnaire designed by Chinese scholars. It can be said to deal with Virtue regardless of Truth. Values associated with Long Term Orientation are thrift and perseverance; values associated with Short Term Orientation are respect for tradition, fulfilling social obligations, and protecting ones face. Both the positively and the negatively rated values of this dimension are found in the teachings of Confucius, the most influential Chinese philosopher who lived around 500 B. C. ; however, the dimension also applies to countries without a Confucian heritage. The dimension was defined by Hofstede as: Long-term orientation (LTO) stands for the fostering of virtues oriented toward future rewards in particular, perseverance and thrift. Its opposite pole, short-term orientation, stands for, the fostering of virtues related to the past and present in particular, respect for tradition, preservation of face, and fulfilling social obligations. Hofstede Hofstede, 2005, p. 210 Cultures that score high on LTO tend to have so called Confucian values and not surprisingly the three highest scoring countries in the Bond-Hofstede study were China (118), Hong Kong (96) and Taiwan (87). The lowest scoring countries were Pakistan (0), Nigeria (16) and the Philippines (19) (Hofstede Hofstede, 2005). The case of Euro Disney Its first of Walt Disneys theme park, Disneyland, opened in Anaheim, California, in 1955. The Anaheim Park was an instantaneous success. The success story repeated itself with the opening of the theme park in Florida in 1970s, and with Tokyo Disneyland in Japan in 1983. Japans success made the corporates believe that they knew everything about opening a theme park in another country and making it a success. So, in 1992, they turned to Paris, the self-proclaimed capital of European high culture and style. Paris was chosen out of 200 locations around the world because of its demographics and the subsidies Walt Disney was offered by the French government. The Greater Paris areawas a high-density population zone (over 10 million) with people who had a relatively high level of disposable income. It also has the ability to attract substantial number of tourists. There was sufficient land available to meet the demand of the park and necessary supply of water and electricity was economical. The French government was very enthusiastic about getting Disney to Paris because they believed that the project would create 30,000 French jobs. They also gave the company more than $1 billion in various incentives. The Walt Disney had tasted nothing but success until 1992. From its very inception, Euro-Disney faced a number of problems. First was the allegation that Euro-Disney was an assault on the French culture. The cause: lack of cultural sensitivity. People looked at it as a symbol of American clichs. The French framers even blocked the entrance with their tractors on the day of its opening. It was evident that the human resource department had done everything possible to ignore the aspects of cultural awareness and had misunderstood the French laws. They overlooked the traditions and habits of the French people when strategizing the park and how it would operate. The ethnocentric recruiting practice was one of their biggest mistakes. If a company follows ethnocentric hiring practices, the employees of a multinational company who are from the home country will be given preference. Following this, Euro-Disney filled all important positions with employees from the home America. The chairman of Euro Disney was an American who was said to have strong ties with France. What they did not realize was the fact that because he had strong ties with France did not mean he thought like the French. Because of this, they went on to implement Euro-Disney without much consideration to local culture. They filed to credit the local employees for their contribution to the initial planning process. Recognizing performance is the basis for building an affinity to the workplace and a sense of belonging. When operating in a culturally different environment, it is important that a company act globally, but think locally. This was Disneys biggest mistake. They refused to acknowledge the fact that Europe and USA were both Western cultures, but starkly different in their cultures. The theme parks in America did not serve any alcohol, but for the French, serving a glass of wine with lunch was a given. While the French culture is feminine in nature, the American is Masculine. Disney assumed that Europeans would not take breakfast and so they downsized the operation, but surprisingly Europeans did want breakfast. More surprising was the fact that did not want the typical French breakfast. They wanted bacon and eggs! Another big problem was the while Disney was successful in hitting the planned 9 million visitors a year mark, the visitors didnt stay for as long as expected. Most stayed for a day or two as opposed to the four to five days that Disney had hoped for. Europeans thought of theme parks as a full day excursion and not as a weekend destination. The company had spent billions of dollars building the luxurious hotels but because people opted for day excursions, the occupancy levels at the hotels were always low. Because of this, Euro-Disneyland had cumulative losses of $2 billion at the end of 1994[1]. Almost everything that Walt Disney had projected for Euro-Disney was the complete opposite of the reality in Europe. A puzzle of errors: miscalculating everything! Here are the factors that led to the downfall of Euro-Disney from the very start. I have discussed these in detail as we move further into the dissertation. Still beset by high costs and low attendances, Euro Disney will find it hard to hit its target of breakeven by the end of September 1996. Costs in the year were reduced by FF 500m by introducing more flexible labour agreements (more part-timers, increased job sharing and the use of more students in the peak season) as well as outsourcing contracts in the hotel operation. But the company admits that the lions share of cost reductions has now been realized. Now it hopes attendances are rising. . . Getting people to spend more once they are at the park might be more difficult. Euro Disney is pinning its hopes on economic recovery in Europe. Itll have to start paying interest, management fees and royalties again in five years time. Management will not say whether itll be able to cope then. 1 Euro Disney, Financial Times Lex column, 30 October 1996(14ED) 1. Miscalculation of drinking habits. Misunderstanding French drinking habits was a serious problem faced by Euro Disney. The management decided to continue with their policy of not serving alcohol in their theme park. Though it worked well in other places but the same did not hold true for Euro Disney. It rather proved to be disastrous because a French meal is incomplete without a wine. Wine is an essential part of the French Culture and is famous all over the world. This miscalculation became a cause of astonishment and consequently the company had to change its policy and serve alcohol. 2. Misunderstanding of breakfast and food norms. Disneys fault of ignoring the cultural differences in food made them commit another blunder. Disney believed that like Americans French would also prefer snacks and hence they downsized their restaurants. This proved to be a wrong decision because French preferred to sit down and eat complete meals rather than carrying away snacks in their hand like Americans. In fact, the data shows that they were trying to serve 2,500 breakfasts in a 350-seat restaurant at some of the hotels. Further, guests wanted bacon and eggs rather than just coffee and croissants (Burgoyne, 1995). This difference between the companys thinking and the actual French culture lead to long lines in front of the restaurants and on top of it when French were denied wine it complicated the matter even further and on the whole French did not have a pleasant Disney experience. 3. Misunderstanding of vacation habits. The Walt Disneys thinking of Americanize European habits put them into another trouble. The company miscalculated the vacation time because the Europeans preferred few longer holidays in comparison with the Americans who took several short breaks. So the companys theory of Americanizing brought loss to them. 4. Miscalculation of per-capita spending. Insufficient market research lead to miscalculation of the per capita spending by the visitors at the park. While the Americans and Japanese who never left the park empty handed, the Europeans did. The European visitors wanted to spend more time on the rides rather than shopping for food and souvenirs which resulted in lower expected revenue. As a matter of Fact spending was about 12% less than predicted. [ ] 5. Miscalculation of transportation preferences. There was a big miscalculation in the transport preferences which was again due to the non- understanding of the differences in the American and the European culture. While availability of boats, trams and trains proved to be beneficialto carry visitors in America from their hotels to the park but with the Europeans this was not the case. Most of the Europeans preferred to walk . Also, as per the calculation it was assumed that most of the Europeans would travel by their own vehicles and hence a lot of parking space was allotted for the cars. Whereas most of the Europeans came by buses and bicycles and the facilities for the bus drivers to park their buses and the rest came out be inadequate and as a result the company was forced to reduce the space for parking lots and provide more space for the buses and the bicycles. 6. Misunderstanding of French labor laws. 7. Violation of French labor law. 8. Miscalculation of risk factor 9. Incorrect global staffing policies and hr orientations :Ethnocentric and polycentric 2. Misunderstanding French traditions and habits: celebrating Halloween instead of French festivals. 3. Nationalistic sentiments ofFrench people: Change in name from Euro Disney to Disneyland Paris 4. Staffing and training problems 5. Rigid Disney dress code 6. Operational errors 7. Labour costs 8. Labour disputes 9. communication problems 10. cultural operational issues Power distance Incorrect global staffing policies and hr orientations: Ethnocentric and polycentric The French were confused when Disney appointed mostly American-born managers into the front-line supervisory positions at Euro Disneyland many of whom were not fluent in the French language. Individualism Rigid Disney dress code threatening highly individualistic French cultural traditions Individualism is the cultural dimension that measures to what extent people to look after themselves and their immediate family members only Americas individualism score of 91 is the highest in the world. Frances score of 71 is also high, 65% more than the world average. American executives at Disney imposed a strict dress code at Euro Disneyland that required extremely short hair and banned beards and moustaches. Disneys dress code was based on Walt Disneys highly individualized, squeaky clean American family values. By imposing the Walt Disney appearance code, the Americans insulted French family traditions. Many of the highly individualistic French refused to work at Euro Disneyland, including a 28-year-old Parisian trumpet player who insisted on keeping his pony tail hairstyle rather than join the closely cropped Disney brass band. Long term orientation Masculinity Disney executives should have adapted to Frances need for low masculinity values like cooperation, friendly atmosphere, group decision making, more employee freedoms and environmental conservation. communication problems cultural operational issues Limitations Conclusion Appendices Layers of culture -Schein 1988 Cultural ice berg Hotstedes table with cultural dimensions Macro and micro level definitions of culture Comparing cultures: adler Onion shape diagram of cultural layers:from notebook Influence of culture on behaviour and behaviour on culture -adlerReferences Effective harnessing of cultural diversity Cultural influence that impact Disneys heavy merchandising policy is often considered by the French to be unbearable and arrogant. From an ideological point of view, Disney has often been accused of conveying the American way of life or the of gently legitimizing American imperialism (Dorfman and Mattelart,1975 In dazzled by Disney p. 122) The intellectual criticised it as an intolerable concession to American cultural imperialism and their campaign against what some called a cultural Chernobyl or even the American nightmare, was widely echoed by French newspapers. (dazzled by Disney p 127 ) The unions mobilized against the way the people were hired and some of the terms of labour contracts, among other things, Disneys grooming requirements (Lanquar, 1992 in DBD, p 128) The reality of industrial labour must not appear in advertising, because it can only stain the visions of happiness projected onto the consumers imagination ( Ewen, 1977,in DBD, p 128) As a matter of fact, the pervasive merchandising policy exerted by Disney raises very negative reactions in a country where culture and business have been traditionally distinct fields of activity. (DBD p. 130) In France, culture tends to remain a state of business. (DBD p. 130) According to the global Disney audiences project, while 28. 2 percent are hostile to Disney, another 47. 8 percent feel Disney is undoubtedly American. (DBD p 130) The study by Dorfman and mattelrt (1975) on Donald duck pointed out that Disney did not just speak for the American way of life, but embodied the American dream of life (dbd p. 131) Disney is an icon of American culture and middle -class family values (the mouse that roared, p. 25) In the work culture at Disney ,fantasy mediates and subordinates issues of power ,politics and ethics through interventions wheat can be called Disney discourse. However lighthearted and fanciful it might seem,Disney discourse does not displace the rigid and authoritarian culture of the workplace. (the mouse that roared, p. 47-48) At Disney, there is little room for individuality and experimentation by employees. Every behaviour and action ,from how one dresses to how one responds to questions are scripted by someone in authority. Innovation is viewed as a breach of policy, and nonconformity is swiftly eliminated from Disneys technocratic utopia. (the mouse that roared, p. 50-51)

Self Management - 4277 Words

1. Introduction In any type of industry, Self-management skills which are sometimes referred to as personality traits are important in determining the quality of services or quality of product provided to the customers. Skill Management is beneficial to both the organization and the employees as it is a way for maximizing the time and talents in achieving the projected goals. The organization benefits from increased productivity and capability while Employees benefit from higher motivation and commitment, career development, increased knowledge and job satisfaction. 1.1 Objectives of Study The study involves the following: * To understand the entire procedure of Self management * To study the accuracy and quality of†¦show more content†¦Ability to accept this as a unfortunate reality and being able to dissolve that tension without serious trouble is a fantastic project management skill that one could possess. 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A Case Study On Banque Accord A Closer Look Free Essays

Banque Accord is a subsidiary of financial giant the Auchan Group1. Founded in 1983, Banque Accord was established in two stages: In 1983, with the issuance of â€Å"Accord† retail cards in Auchan’s hypermarkets; and, in 1987, with Auchan’s acquisition of Banque Delort, a subsidiary and affiliate of the banking group known as Credit Commercial de France2. Auchan subsequently called its newly acquired bank as â€Å"Banque Accord 3. We will write a custom essay sample on A Case Study On Banque Accord: A Closer Look or any similar topic only for you Order Now   Ã¢â‚¬  The newly acquired bank’s mission was to customize the rules that have proven successful in the area of retail distribution and bring it to the financial services field, by allowing consumers to avail of simple yet innovative discounted products and services. 4 Essentially, Banque Accord operates as a bank aligned with the credit and retail industries in general5. Put simply, Banque Accord brings electronic banking functions to retailers, and payment and financing options like cards and consumer credit, closer to its consumers. As a rule, the purchase of financial resources is backed by sound ratings from globally respected institutions like Moodys and Standard Poor. For the year 2006, Banque Accord received higher ratings compared to the previous year6. Moody’s gave the bank an A2 grade, while SP gave it an A or â€Å"Stable† rating7. To note, the word â€Å"Accord† suggests being able to agree on â€Å"financial solutions† for the company’s clients8. The dynamism of Banque Accord, which eventually became well-respected in international financial circles, is due to the fact that it is wholly-owned by a bank and a retail group. Since its inception, Banque Accord has noteworthy achievements, four of which are9: (1) consolidating – in the same organization – electronic banking, issuing of retail cards and providing credit to consumers; (2) creating a network of banking instruments in shopping centers; (3) an ever-widening range of goods and products available to clients (such as payment card facilities and services, revolving credit, traditional credit, and the like. 10); and (4) its takeover of Egg France in 2004, permitting direct online access under the monicker Oney. fr/ These factors, combined with the marketing genius of its Chief Executive Officer Damien Guermonprez, Banque Accord has evolved in 2006, into an international presence with operations in nine countries, and a database of 4,800,000 customers11. 1 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 2) 2 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 3) 3 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 4) 4 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 4) 5 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 16) 6 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 16) 7 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 16) 8 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 3) 9 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 3) 10 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 3) 11 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 3) Banque Accord: A Case Study 1 In Banque Accord’s financial disclosures for 2006, the company reflected a EUR353,167,000 increase in assets in just 12 months12. Banque Accord also reported a net income of EUR34,413,000 in 2005, as compared to EUR24,206,000 in 200413. Despite the potential for further international growth, Banque Accord has to contend with possible areas of difficulties, which include14: (a) the use of mobile phones as potential replacement for bank cards in transactions; (b) innovations in consumer credit; and (c) the development of e-business in the retailing industry. Regardless of these trends that Banque Accord has to contend with, the bank continue to be innovative and continues to explore newer concepts to maintain its prestige and originality in the banking and retail industries. 12 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 17) 13 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 17) 14 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 17) 15 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 3) Banque Accord: A Case Study 2 I. The Auchan Group Founded in 1961 by Gerard Mulliez, the Auchan Group started out in the North area of France with one hypermarket, which, simply defined, is a commercial complex which combines a department store with a supermarket16. Currently, in 2006, the Auchan Group runs 360 hypermarkets spread across 11 countries. In France, Auchan operates 654 supermarkets 17. Since the inception of Auchan, the company’s vision has remained the same. That is, to improve the purchasing power of its customers 18. Banque Accord is an Auchan subsidiary which has developed an identity of its own within the Auchan Group. Nevertheless, Banque Accord’s mission is identical to Auchan’s, and in essence, the bank has a dual vision 19: †¢ customer oriented: providing its clients with a means to purchase; and †¢ corporate oriented: assisting Auchan in maximizing turnover and revenue, therefore aiding the Group to reduce costs. Accordingly, Banque Acord’s mission, â€Å"The bank for consumers† is aimed towards Auchan’s clients at the hypermarkets 20. Banque Accord achieves its mission by making available to Auchan’s clients, certain services like discounted financial options and payments which are directly accessible to these clients. Being a part of the Auchan Group is a contributing factor to Banque Accord’s human resources practices: By training a group of responsible professionals who consider their jobs fulfilling, the company is able to achieve growth and guarantee their clients quality service21. II. Banque Accord’s Internal Strengths In studying the case of Banque Accord, one is accosted with the company’s inherent strengths. Whatever weaknesses there might be for the company, these are easily addressed based on the operating standards adopted by the Bank. Nevertheless, inherent strengths of Banque Accord include: A. European Market Share The modes of payment offered by Banque Accord is characterized by diverseness, regulatory and technical issues and the intricacy of the value chain of the industry22. Cash payment is predominant in 16 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 4) 17 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 4) 18 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 5) 19 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 5) 20 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 5) 21 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 5) 22 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 6) Banque Accord: A Case Study 3 Spain, Italy and Germany23. However, majority of Banque Accord’s clients in Great Britain and France use bank cards24. The bank card is considered a â€Å"pivotal† product for the company that issued it25. The card can be very much compared to a traditional bank’s checking or current account, which is most convenient for customers to use. Retailers or outlets that have tie-ups with bank cards are able to sell â€Å"progressively†, in coordination with various financial services like cross-selling or up-selling26. The European market where Banque Accord mainly operates was reportedly worth EUR930 billion in outstanding credit in 2005 (Source L’observateur Cetelem), and is manifesting fast growths in many countries27. Within Europe, where Banque Accord operates, there are distinct differences between countries. In Great Britain for example, the average outstanding credit per household is double that of France’s28. In simple words, buyers in Great Britain have greater use for bank cards than customers in France do. The differences between countries may be attributed to diverse cultural orientations, regulatory requirements and marketing procedures29. Another example is: frequently, young people are refused credit on the grounds that they do not have a stable means of paying it. On the other hand, it is quite common for a consumer to accumulate excessive credit30. A solution to this would be the use of regulatory systems and which monitor and prevent bad debts. B. Positioning and Diverse Services The business of Banque Accord is30: (a) issuing different types of payment cards like for example, retail cards, gift cards and bank cards; (b) proffering consumer credit and other related services; and (c) managing its retail partners electronic processing of monetary transactions. Electronic Banking is a technical service directly given by Banque Accord to its retailers, which is a source of pride to the bank31. Its electronic banking services is geared towards functioning as a bank – â€Å"receiving† transactions – providing the support in the retailers’ issuance of cards, managing authorization, 23 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 6) 24 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 6) 25 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 6) 27 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 6) 28 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 8) 29 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 8) 3-0 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 8) 31 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 9) Banque Accord: A Case Study 4 2005, to form a division called CardOps33. Being owned by a retailing group, Banque Accord’s aim is ATMS, payment terminals, etc 32. Banque Accord’s electronic banking services were grouped together in proximity to its customers, and minimizing costs of electronic banking. The core business of Banque Accord is the issuing of a range of cards, which have different functions. The bank’s cards may be a type of payment, a retailer’s marketing tool, a â€Å"support† product of the bank that is incorporated in its associated services34. It is widely said that an Accord card may be likened to a Swiss Knife with flexibility in functions — credit card, payment card and loyalty card 35. Various examples of an Accord card’s use are36: (a) Sample 137: Card Type : Retail Card Function : A payment card issued or released by retailer Banque Accord: Auchan cradholders total 4,000,000 in Europe, and the card is accepted by other retailers (b) Sample 238: Card Type : Loyalty Card Function : Retailer’s marketing instrument which could be used to attract and maintain a loyal base of clients Banque Accord: N/A (c) Sample 339: Card Type : Bank Card Function : A traditional card issued by banks, this card may be used overseas Banque Accord: MasterCard Accord and VisaCard Accord (d) Sample 440: Card Type : Gift Card 32 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 9) 33 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 9) 34 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 9) 35 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 9) 36 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 10) 37 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 10) 38 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 10) 39 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 10) 40 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 10) Banque Accord: A Case Study 5 Function : This type of card may be utilized to personalize service, and enhances customer relationships. Banque Accord: Auchan Gift Card Hence a card is useful to: ? the retailer, because it can be used as a marketing instrument and promotes consumer loyalty; and ? the consumer, because it is convenient means of financing and payment41 There is a distinct connection between owning a card, how the type of card benefits the customer and the retailer, and the amount of business the customer does with the retailer42. It is established that a customer who has access to credit through cards increases his or her purchasing power. A client who has no card hardly visits a retailer in a month, owning a loyalty card enables a customer to make three visits. Having a retail card allows the client to make four visits per month to the favorite retailer and having a bank card gives the client the opportunity to make at least five visits to the retailer 42. Banque Accord boasts of an orientation which is discount-oriented and customer-oriented43. Banque Accord has two selling and pricing concepts44: — annual subscription; and — cash back, which is defined as the money paid to the customer related t his or her card use. For example in France, Banque Accord gives a 40% discount incentive to annual subscribers for a refular Visa Card, and 60% discount on a Visa Premiere Card45. Based on the spending habits of the customers, an annual subscription increases the potential for the cleints’ purchasing statistics. Other Financial Products Apart from cards, Banque Accord also offers its clients other services, lilke46: (1) in-store credit wherein the individual retailers define their own credit policies along with different formulas for achieving revenue; (2) personal loans, which are granted to customers as a come-on, at interest rates based on current market prices; (3) revolving credit, which is built up by a credit reserve; 41 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 10) 42 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 10) 43 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 10) 44 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 10) 45 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 12) 46 (Dauchy, 2007, p. 10) Banque Accord: A Case Study 6 (4) Auchan savings account; (5) life insurance, which is a tieup with Suravenir and offers life plans at simple and reduced costs; and (6) non-life insurance. As evidenced by the wide range of â€Å"other† services that Banque Accord offers, its value chain is distinguished by a huge number of product alliances47. Thus, Banque Accord has been known for its flexibility. As a result, the bank has largely-increased the potential spending capacity of its client-base. Sometimes, the bank’s products are managed by other partners — at times their competitors — depending on which country the operation is in48. How to cite A Case Study On Banque Accord: A Closer Look, Free Case study samples

Going to a Movie Archetypes in the Star Wars Movie Essay Example For Students

Going to a Movie: Archetypes in the Star Wars Movie Essay These same paradigms also complement an underlying theme of the trilogy. Within Star Wars: A New Hope and Return of the Jed, archetypes exist that exemplify the theme that good can triumph over evil through perseverance. Primarily, symbolic archetypes flourish within George Lucas masterpiece. As an example, the contrast Of colors in Luke clothing represents a loss of innocence in the main character. As a teenager in Star Wars: A New Hope, he wears clothes Of all White, representing his pureness as a young adult. Swept away by adventure, Sneaker can no longer cling to his security blanket of virtue after learning about the force and the evil Of the Empire. This change in him is noticeable when, in Return of the Jed, Luke discards his former white and chooses a more somber black. His attire complements his morose, yet determined heart. Also, this contrast of white and black is evident in the setting of the tuft movies. The Rebel base consists of mostly light backgrounds, while the Death Star and the home of Jab the Hut appear dark and mysterious with evil forces. This perceptible difference shows that the place with good forces, the Rebel base, seems flourished with light colors, and that the evil settings contain the symbolic color of black. Another symbolic archetype presents itself as the force, a power that can be employed for good or ill and upholds the universe. The force can be compared to a supernatural intervention: while this frequently refers to a more godlike figure, the Jed Knights consider their path a religion, a force with a will of its own. It can work for or against Luke, as it aids both Dart Evader and his son in their struggles for the galaxy, a common characteristic of paranormal intervention. In addition, Hoods swamp could indicate the symbolic archetype, water _ As Luke Jaywalker trains with this Jed master, he matures, ultimate by the symbolic avatar of Hoods home. On his last visit to Wood, Luke also learns his fate, accepting his duty as a Jed knight and the hope that rests in his sister, Leila. Certainly, the symbolic avatar archetype lies in Hoods home and final resting place. Clearly, the two movies Of Star Wars contain numerous symbolic archetypes. Also. Star Wars: A New Hope and Return of the Jed include many situational archetypes. One such archetype evident in these movies is the journey. The hero of the story, Luke Sparkler, goes on numerous journeys throughout the movies. One of such archetypes is the quest of finding his true identity, which concludes with the realization that Dart Evader is his father and that Leila appears to be his twin sister. Another is the quest to find knowledge; in this case, he is seeking the force. With the guidance from Obi-Wan Kenton, he acknowledges the force, letting his body become in tune with its being. Moreover, he is also on the quest to rid the land Of the danger from the threat Of the Empire. Evident in both movies, Luke, Han Solo and Leila, along with their companions, combine forces to destroy the evil forces and save the people Of the universe from danger. These quests are evident when they try to destroy the Death Star and its rebuilding, and Luke attempts to face Dart Evader. Additionally, the two movies also contain examples of tasks. First, RD gives Luke and his companions a message from Princess Leila, who wants them to save her from the Empire. Therefore, they go on this task of saving her from the evil. Another task can he seen when Luke attempts to save both Han Solo and Princess Leila from the grasp of the outlaw, Jab the Hut. In all of these tasks, the hero is faced with numerous difficulties trot the dark side, which he must overcome and save his captured friends. The battle between the good and evil is obviously the fight between the Rebel alliance and the Empire, which is evident throughout the Star Wars series. .u012f12a6b21e9cfbb08f16f403b9196c , .u012f12a6b21e9cfbb08f16f403b9196c .postImageUrl , .u012f12a6b21e9cfbb08f16f403b9196c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u012f12a6b21e9cfbb08f16f403b9196c , .u012f12a6b21e9cfbb08f16f403b9196c:hover , .u012f12a6b21e9cfbb08f16f403b9196c:visited , .u012f12a6b21e9cfbb08f16f403b9196c:active { border:0!important; } .u012f12a6b21e9cfbb08f16f403b9196c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u012f12a6b21e9cfbb08f16f403b9196c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u012f12a6b21e9cfbb08f16f403b9196c:active , .u012f12a6b21e9cfbb08f16f403b9196c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u012f12a6b21e9cfbb08f16f403b9196c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u012f12a6b21e9cfbb08f16f403b9196c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u012f12a6b21e9cfbb08f16f403b9196c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u012f12a6b21e9cfbb08f16f403b9196c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u012f12a6b21e9cfbb08f16f403b9196c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u012f12a6b21e9cfbb08f16f403b9196c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u012f12a6b21e9cfbb08f16f403b9196c .u012f12a6b21e9cfbb08f16f403b9196c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u012f12a6b21e9cfbb08f16f403b9196c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Big Lebowski EssayAs expected, the good triumphs over the evil forces after the end of these battles, destroying the dark powers with the help of the hero and his companions. Also, the magical weapon that aids the hero, Luke, in the movies is the light saber. It clearly exemplifies the extraordinary quality of the hero, because no one else, including Dart Evader, can utilize the weapon and use its powers to a full potential. It further fits the archetype because the mentor figure, Obi-Wan Cannon gives Luke the weapon and teaches him how to fight with its forces. Furthermore, unalienable wounds are also evident in the two movies of Star Wars. The most evident one is Dart Evaders mask and his breathing condition. As many audiences can hear, Dart Evader breathes simultaneously through a black mask. This wound seems unalienable and cannot be healed fully. Obviously, situational archetypes thrive throughout the trilogy of Star Wars. Another collection of archetypes employed by George Lucas is setting, which allows the audience to better empathic his works. The flap. right blue prints SST of his settings through the trilogy by employing common archetypes that can be found in a myriad of places, including simple fairy tales. One frequent archetype is the underworld, which can be linked with the Death Star, It is the home base tooth Emperor, Dart Evader, and their followers, which is also the setting in which the hero, Luke, encounters his worst fear of turning to the dark side. Another archetype apparent in Star Wars can be taunt in the vast abyss of space, a prime example of the wilderness. Space seems the only region where rules do not apply and that people, creatures and rumors run wild. In the movies, the outer space is a vast unknown area that no one can control, similar to the untamed wilds. In addition, the garden is defined as a place of harmony, nature and innocence; yet, it may be ruined or poisoned, and the hero is forced to leave this paradise. The garden can be compared to the Awoke woods on the moon Ender_ These woods contain tiny teddy bear like creatures that represent simplicity and utterly radiate innocence. These lovable characters put the hero at a sense of ease, but within these woods a storm trooper base is poisoning the Kooks ways and childlike style of life. Luke is forced to leave for fear of endangering his companions and newfound friends, when Dart Evader and his storm troopers discover him. Undoubtedly, the movies of Star Wars contain numerous setting archetypes. As a final point, the movies also contain an abundance Of character archetypes. Primarily, the archetype that strikes most audiences first is the hero. Luke Jaywalker fits this archetype because of his qualities of a hero. His aunt and uncle are his foster parents; the movie does not portra y his childhood, which the audience knows little about. Moreover, he lives in an ordinary world in the ginning of Star Wars: A New Hope: a farm with no adventures, He is expected to help with uncle with chorus around the farm, like a regular teenager would do. However, he gets a call to adventure by the message of Princess Leila and meets his allies, C-POP, RD and Han Solo, whom are his loyal companions willing to face any type of danger. Obi-Wan Kenton as Lakes mentor through teaching him the force and the light saber. Additionally, Master Wood, Obi-Wan Kenos mentor, also serves as Lakes mentor and teaches him about the force. The hero also confronts his enemy, the people in the Empire. Numerous other character archetypes are also present in the Star Wars trilogy, including Chewable, who reflects the qualities of the friendly beast. .u2ffd7ca8a7658cf4b1e7e3d2886c170b , .u2ffd7ca8a7658cf4b1e7e3d2886c170b .postImageUrl , .u2ffd7ca8a7658cf4b1e7e3d2886c170b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2ffd7ca8a7658cf4b1e7e3d2886c170b , .u2ffd7ca8a7658cf4b1e7e3d2886c170b:hover , .u2ffd7ca8a7658cf4b1e7e3d2886c170b:visited , .u2ffd7ca8a7658cf4b1e7e3d2886c170b:active { border:0!important; } .u2ffd7ca8a7658cf4b1e7e3d2886c170b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2ffd7ca8a7658cf4b1e7e3d2886c170b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2ffd7ca8a7658cf4b1e7e3d2886c170b:active , .u2ffd7ca8a7658cf4b1e7e3d2886c170b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2ffd7ca8a7658cf4b1e7e3d2886c170b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2ffd7ca8a7658cf4b1e7e3d2886c170b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2ffd7ca8a7658cf4b1e7e3d2886c170b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2ffd7ca8a7658cf4b1e7e3d2886c170b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2ffd7ca8a7658cf4b1e7e3d2886c170b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2ffd7ca8a7658cf4b1e7e3d2886c170b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2ffd7ca8a7658cf4b1e7e3d2886c170b .u2ffd7ca8a7658cf4b1e7e3d2886c170b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2ffd7ca8a7658cf4b1e7e3d2886c170b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Sample Letter Regarding the Israeli Cinema EssayThe animal represents the side of nature that aids the hero and his allies. The shadow figure seems to fit Dart Evader; he is an opponent with whom Luke must struggle until the end and defeat The emperor of the Empire is the devil figure, who tries to lure Luke to the dark side. Princess Leila appears to be the damsel in distress; the hero, Luke, must rescue her when the Empire on the Death Star captures her. Also, in the Return of the Jed, Jubbah the Hut uses her as a trap to lure Luke and is companions. Visibly, the movies Of Star Wars contain numerous character archetypes. With the ending credits, people arise stiffly from their theater seats. Finishing off their popcorn, they stride into the startlingly bright light of everyday life. The impact of such a phenomenal movie is not easily brushed off, however. The well- known battle between light and darkness that surrounds the movie also stirs the hearts of every viewer. In conclusion, the archetypes of Star Wars reinforce the subtle theme that through perseverance, good can eventually triumph over evil. In the quest to save the universe from the danger of the empire, the hero, Luke, uses his magic weapon, the light saber, to tight the shadow, Dart Evader, whom must be destroyed by the hero at the end, Through this battle between the good and the evil, Luke eventually wins the battle with the help of his allies and guidance from Obi-Wan Kenton and Mater Wood, his mentors. Thus, he achieves the task of destroying the Death Star. Evidently, these archetypes in Star Wars: A New Hope and Return of the Jed portray the theme that the good can eventually triumph over evil through perseverance.

Gandhi And Hitler Together Again Essay Research free essay sample

Gandhi And Hitler, Together Again Essay, Research Paper Gandhi, an unbelievable adult male, had really alone positions on force and its power over others. Adolf Hitler, another unbelievable adult male albeit for different grounds, besides had single positions on force. Gandhi was opposed to force, as he believed it merely solved jobs temporarily and that it led to farther force in the hereafter. Peace was what solved jobs in his head, non force. Violent protests that resulted in alteration neer succeeded to the full ; those alterations were normally revoked or altered. Changes made in good liquors, under flags of peace, were neer removed one time put into topographic point. The most recognized peaceable protest was Gandhi? s Salt March, which involved 1000s of Indian civilians. Hitler was on the opposite terminal of the force spectrum ; he felt that killing those who caused your jobs would work out all of those jobs, and that treatment and concluding were less utile signifiers of protest. We will write a custom essay sample on Gandhi And Hitler Together Again Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The most graphic illustration of force in order to ordain alteration was the formation of the ghettos for Hebrews, to insulate them from the remainder of the universe. Gandhi and Hitler besides differed on how they believe the economic system should be strengthened. Gandhi proposed a distributed method of production, with everyone working in respect to themselves but besides with their community and their state as a whole. Hitler felt that the authorities should hold complete and entire control over the methods of production, and that the people should merely make what they are told to make. Gandhi besides felt that replacing workers with engineering wasn? T ever good, while Hitler believed that monolithic industrialisation was the key to a strong economic system. Sing the wealthy, Gandhi had an interesting position. He felt that the rich for the most portion deserved all that wealth that they had. He besides felt, nevertheless, that they should experience obligated to utilize a significant part of that wealth for the improvement of everyone else. Gandhi? s position was, hence, slightly socialist in its roots. Hitler? s position on the rich was alone, because of the state of affairs of Germany. He felt all right about the wealth being concentrated among rich concern proprietors and governmental figures, but he did non desire the Jews to command any wealth. This was a job, because the Judaic population in Germany was big plenty that it bothered Hitler. Therefore, shops were seized from Hebrews along with their material ownerships. Both work forces? s places on reform were tied closely to their beliefs about force. Gandhi felt that societal alteration was merely possible if it was made by every member of society, while Hitler felt that societal alteration was possible every bit long as the authorities enforced the Torahs sing the alterations. Politically, Gandhi felt that alteration could merely be achieved by demoing the current authorities the mistakes of their ways, and by assisting them achieve what was the best for all people. Der fuhrer idea that violent revolutions were what positive people of what was right and incorrect. In my personal sentiment, I do non believe I connect with either of these work forces on their positions of force. If their beliefs were charted on a graduated table from one to ten, Gandhi would be a nothing and Hitler would be a 10 ; two extremes that fit me as good as an 26*24 brace of denims. I believe that I fall someplace in the center, but closer to Hitler than Gandhi. For illustration, I agree with Hitler when he says that to alteration a authorities radically, you must subvert it radically. Peaceful protesting can merely acquire you so far ; you need to turn out to the enemy that you aren? T all bark and no bite. I do non believe force is of all time necessary, nevertheless, to command the population ; if your people are that unhappy with the authorities that they are openly denouncing it, you should pass your clip covering with the jobs in the authorities and non pass it covering with the people shouting at you on the street. For illustration, if person in school is invariably doing merriment of you and your friends, I would acquire my friends together and crush the kid up instead than state a figure of authorization. On the other manus, if I was the category president and people were unhappy with the manner I was running things, I would non endanger them, alternatively I would listen to what they thought was incorrect and seek to alter it. Both Gandhi and Hitler were astonishing work forces in their ain ways. One preached peace, the other aggression. Gandhi was loved by all, and Hitler was hated by all. To this twenty-four hours, there are racial biass against the German people due to the errors made by Hitler. But one concluding idea? If our ascendants had non rebelled against oppressive British regulation, where would we all be now?

Introduction to the Concept of Welfare Analysis

Introduction to the Concept of Welfare Analysis When studying markets, economists not only want to understand how prices and quantities are determined, but they also want to be able to calculate how much value markets create for society. Economists call this topic of study welfare analysis, but, despite its name, the subject doesn’t have anything directly to do with transferring money to poor people. How Economic Value Is Created By a Market Economic value created by a market accrues to a number of different parties. It goes to: consumers when they can purchase goods and services for less than they value the use of the itemsproducers when they can sell goods and services for more than each item cost to producethe government when markets provide an opportunity to collect taxes Economic value is also either created or destroyed for society when markets cause spillover effects for parties not directly involved in a market as a producer or a consumer (known as externalities). How Economic Value Is Quantified In order to quantify this economic value, economists simply add up the value created for all of the participants in (or onlookers to) a market. By doing so, economists can calculate the economic impacts of taxes, subsidies, price controls, trade policies, and other forms of regulation (or deregulation). That said, there are a few things that must be kept in mind when looking at this type of analysis. First, because economists simply add up the values, in dollars, created for each market participant, they implicitly assume that a dollar of value for Bill Gates or Warren Buffet is equivalent to a dollar of value for the person who pumps Bill Gates’ gas or serves Warren Buffet his morning coffee. Similarly, welfare analysis often aggregates the value to consumers in a market and the value to producers in a market. By doing this, economists also assume that a dollar of value for the gas station attendant or barista counts the same as a dollar of value for a shareholder of a large corporation. (This isnt as unreasonable as it may initially seem, however, if you consider the possibility that the barista is also a shareholder of the large corporation.) Second, welfare analysis only counts the number of dollars taken in taxes rather than the value of what that tax revenue is ultimately spent on. Ideally, tax revenue would be used for projects that are worth more to society than they cost in taxes, but realistically this is not always the case. Even if it were, it would be very difficult to link up taxes on particular markets with what the tax revenue from that market ends up buying for society. Therefore, economists purposely separate out the analyses of how many tax dollars are generated and how much value spending those tax dollars creates. These two issues are important to keep in mind when looking at economic welfare analysis, but they don’t make the analysis irrelevant. Instead, it’s helpful to understand how much value in the aggregate is created by a market (or created or destroyed by regulation) in order to properly assess the tradeoff between overall value and equity or fairness. Economists often find that efficiency, or maximizing the overall size of the economic pie, is at odds with some notions of equity, or dividing that pie in a manner that is considered fair, so its crucial to be able to quantify at least one side of that tradeoff. In general, textbook economics draws positive conclusions about the overall value created by a market and leaves it to philosophers and policymakers to make normative statements about what is fair. Nonetheless, its important to understand how much the economic pie shrinks when a fair outcome is imposed in order to decide whether the tradeoff is worth it.

The strategic causes of the Korean war Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The strategic causes of the Korean war - Essay Example ere apprehensive that the country under the control of the Japanese would limit the movement of the American soldiers in the region but the concern ended there. The Soviet Union looked to Korea more with a strategic eye. At the end of the war here was a division of the Korean peninsula at the time and the Russians took hold of the north peninsula which was an industrial sector and at the same time the United States of America took possession of the south which was more based in agriculture. Then in the year 1949 the two countries withdrew their men out of the region and leaving behind the locals (Srivastava, 2010)2. The North had a strong manned army which was trained by the soviet. Whereas on the other hand the South Korean had a relatively weaker and reduced army. Later when the Stalin led government in the Communist Russia saw that they could challenge the United States with the help of their nuclear technology the North Korean tried to strengthen ties with the Russians but were r ebuffed. To make matters worse, the American Secretary of State at the time, Acthinson, made a statement that the Korean region was close to the United States. This spurned the Russians to finally reply to the inclination of friendships being made by North Korea and even gave as acceptance of an attack on the south. However, the Russian government was given the impression by the authorities of North Korea that the war would last not more than a month. It has been stated that parties knew of the impending war that would occur but did not pay head to the warnings. Before the withdrawal of the two nations from the peninsula, there was molding that both the Russians and the Americans did in their respective potion of Korea. It was brought to the attention of the Americans that the Russians were creating a model of the communist state in North Korea and were using the system of the region to hide their real intentions (Schnabel, 1992, p. 24)3. This was an outrage for the Americans who were

Business strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Business strategy - Essay Example Therefore, strategy is all about direction, market; scope, advantage, resources, environment and stakeholders. Direction is about where the business is headed in the long-term. Markets; scope address the kind of markets the firm should compete in and the type of activities taking place in this markets. Advantage deals with the manner in which the business can achieve more in those markets. Resources look at the requirements needed in order for the firm to compete. This includes skills, property, funding, associations, technical competence, and amenities. Environment looks at the external, environmental factors that influence the business capability to compete. Lastly, stakeholders concerns are about the values and hopes of the individuals who have power in and around the firm. Strategy is about how to term a particular, fixed vision for the future. It is more about a procedure to direct decision-making than concerning a precise document to which individuals can refer. According to Al khafaji (2003 p.78), strategy plays an important role in strategic planning. Especially in the current globe where both further and higher education institutions encounter a large amount of pressures that are primarily known to managers working at all levels. These include a number of factors. First strategy assists managers to overcome the challenge of working within fast varying political scenery, particularly in relative to funding and scrutiny. Strategy enables an organization to be able to deal with fast and essential developments in information and Communication Technology that has the potential to change the manner in which education and study are carried out. Strategy also allows the organization to survive with the challenges of working within a very economical market. It also enables the organization to adopt major new strategic precedence such as internationalization and awareness to business. Strategy gives the institution chance to plan how to work with and gain from ne w stakeholders, mainly those within business and society. In addition, strategy allows for the planning of the constantly rising pressure on assets and the resulting requirement to do more for less through the full utilization of assets and reduction of surplus. It gives the organization a chance to plan on recruiting and maintaining staff with the precise skills, experience and interest. From the main point of view, business now day get accomplished in a global marketplace. Change is taking place at a predictable pace. In the past strategic management was carried out by the largest companies, and those who had lead change. Currently it is a necessity for an organization to continue to exist. Business leaders must be looking forward awaiting transform and coming up with a strategy to proactively and successfully find the way through the instability brought by change. From a micro perspective, the level of a single company, strategic planning provides an organization purpose and dire ction. Every individual in an organization must have a knowledge of what company do, who the companies target clients are, and understand how the organization compete. A strategy will enable the organization to balance revenue and output projects. Without strategic planning, organization drifts, and is at all times reacting to the demands of the day. Strategic thinking is the act of developing and evaluating each idea and action basing it on the present and

Scientific Management was the product of 19th Century industrial Essay - 3

Scientific Management was the product of 19th Century industrial practices and has no relevance to the present day. Discuss - Essay Example This term was also used to refer to any organizational system that precisely brought out the functions of groups and individuals. Further, scientific management can be used to describe situations where jobs are categorized and people perform recurring tasks. Background of Taylorism In the 19th century, there were widespread unplanned companies, decentralized management, casual relations among workers and employers, and informally defined job assignments in factory systems. By the end of this century, increased completion, new technologies, demands from regimes and labor agencies, and a developing consciousness by the elites had motivated attempts to advance business and management. All these developments were aimed at initiating cautiously defined processes and risks, which were later referred to by historians as â€Å"systematic management† since they involved a careful study of individuals at work (Cumo 77). The key figure behind this innovation was an engineer based in Amer ica, who was also a management theorist and a discoverer, Fredrick W. Taylor. Taylor was born in 1856 in a Philadelphia family. He began his career in a machine shop in a steel Company in 1878 where he quickly gained experience and started initiating new methods. After approximately ten years, he invented several technical and organizational innovations such as a technique of timing employees with a stopwatch to work out best times. By the 1890s, Taylor had been recognized as the most determined and dynamic advocate of systematic management. He further introduced accounting systems that he became a consultant of the same. This system allowed the use of operating records by managers with greater efficiency, which later became production systems that enlightened managers more accurately on what was happening in the factory, control workers and their tasks, piece-rate models to motivate following of instructions by workers, and various other advancements. A couple of inventions played a big role in the creation of the scientific management theory. The invention of high-speed-steel enhanced the performance of metal-cutting tools, and attempts to initiate systematic techniques resulted in an incorporated view of innovation in management. By 1901, Taylor had styled systematic management to scientific management (Cumo 78). From the actions of Taylor’s career, it is evident that systematic management was closely related to scientific management. They shared origins, liked by similar people, and shared objectives. The distinctions between them also were clear. Systematic management was distributive and practical, some isolated approaches that did not make a larger whole (Sapru 92). On the other hand, scientific management contributed important details and an understandable point of view. Taylor decided to promote the two systems in 1902 when he got out of Bethlehem. The American Society journal first published Taylor’s first documentation on his vocation, â€Å"shop management† in 1903, which was ranked as an inclusive collection of systematic management techniques. In the year 1910, Traylor was involved in scandals with rough enemies of scientific management. In response to the controversies, Taylor came up with a new approach to his system, which he named â€Å"The Principles of Scientific Management.† In this account, he really embraced the term â€Å"Scientific Management† as used it to symbolize the whole system. He argued

nature of substances

nature of substances 1. Nature of substances: Simple particles react faster than complex particles. In complex molecules more bonds have to be broken. This means more energy is needed to form the activated complex. Particles such as atoms or ions in solution react more quickly than complex molecules. Surface area of reactants: The greater the surface area of the reactants the faster the reaction will take place. This is because a greater surface area means more collisions between reacting particles. When a substance is ground into a powder this increases its surface area. Concentration of reactants (or pressure of gases): An increase in concentration increases the rate of a reaction. The increased concentration means more collisions between reacting particles. Temperature: An increase in temperature increases the rate of a reaction. At a higher temperature particles move faster and have more kinetic energy. When particles collide they do so with enough energy to reach the activated complex. Heating a reaction means there will be a larger number of collisions and more of these collisions will be effective. A temperature increase of 10ËšC, will double the rate of a reaction. Use of Catalysts: A catalyst is a substance that will speed up a reaction without undergoing any permanent change. Catalysts lower the activation energy in a reaction by holding particles onto their surface and pointing them in the correct direction for a product to form. A substance that slows down a chemical reaction and makes it harder for a product to form is called an inhibitor. 2. The term quantitative approach (the determination of the absolute or relative abundance (often expressed as a concentration) of one, several or all particular substance(s) present in a sample.) is often used in comparison (or contrast) with qualitative approach, which seeks information about the identity or form of substance present. For instance, a chemist might be given an unknown solid sample. He or she will use qualitative techniques (perhaps NMR or IR spectroscopy) to identify the compounds present, and then quantitative techniques to determine the amount of each compound in the sample. Careful procedures for recognizing the presence of different metal ions have been developed, although they have largely been replaced by modern instruments; these are collectively known as qualitative inorganic analysis. Similar tests for identifying organic compounds (by testing for different functional groups) are also known. Many techniques can be used for either qualitative or quantitative measurements. For instance, suppose an indicator solution changes colour in the presence of a metal ion. It could be used as a qualitative test: does the indicator solution change colour when a drop of sample is added? It could also be used as a quantitative test, by studying the colour of the indicator solution with different concentrations of the metal ion. (This would probably be done using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy.) 3.To ensure no residue is left to affect further experiments by either contamination or to ensure a powder is not mixed. 4. a) Litmus Paper is a paper containing dyes which change colour when exposed to acids or bases. It is used to identify acid and bases b)A mixture of 10-15 natural dyes obtained from lichens (mainly Roccella tinctoria) that turns red in response to acidic conditions (pH 7). When the pH is neutral (pH = 7) then the dye is purple. c)To allow the litmus paper to absorb the pH of a solid object. 5. Precipitation is the formation of a solid in a solution during a chemical reaction. When the reaction occurs, the solid formed is called the precipitate, and the liquid remaining above the solid is called the supernate. 6. Mix acid with water, water first and next acid. The reason is that when you mix acid to water the concentration of the acid is immediately diluted by water and the gradient or the concentration difference between the water and the acid keeps decreasing gradually so is the liberation of heat and is safer. Mixing concentrated acid and water is highly exothermic in some cases the amount of heat generated can instantly boil. So if you add water to the concentrated acid the small amount of water will instantly boil and splatter hot acid all over the place. Some acids will generate Hydrogen gas and will ignite and explode. If you add the acid to the water the water can absorb most of the heat and it wont splatter or explode. 7. Light the match first. If one was to turn the gas valve on before lighting the match, then the gas could build up and cause an explosion once the match is lit. This is why it is important to light the match first then turn on the gas valve. 8. a) To test for the presence of oxygen gas, collect a sample of the gas in a small container such as a test tube. Light a wooden splint. Blow out the flame, but make sure that the tip of the splint has a reddish, glowing tip. Insert the glowing splint into the mouth of the test tube. If the glowing splint bursts into flame, the gas is oxygen. b) To test for the presence of hydrogen gas, collect a sample of the gas in a small container such as a test tube. Light a wooden splint, but do not blow out the flame. Insert the burning splint into the mouth of the test tube. If the gas is hydrogen, you will hear a slight explosive pop sound. c) To test for the presence of carbon dioxide gas, collect a sample of the gas in a small container such as a test tube. Add a small amount (2 to 3 ml) of lime water to the test tube and shake the test tube to mix the gas and the lime water. If the lime water solution turns a milky white, the gas is carbon dioxide. This test works because lime water and carbon dioxide gas react to form a white precipitate. A second test is to light a wooden splint. Place the burning splint into the mouth of the test tube. If the flame is extinguished, the gas may be carbon dioxide. Since carbon dioxide is neither explosive nor does it support combustion, placing a burning splint into the mouth of the test tube containing carbon dioxide extinguishes the flame. This second test is not a positive test for carbon dioxide however since other gases may also extinguish a flame since they too do not support burning. Therefore, the first test is better. 9. Place an Alka Seltzer tablet in the bottom of a balloon or plastic sandwich bag. Tie the encased tablet tightly with a rubber band or string, then fill the remainder of the balloon or bag with water and seal it with another rubber band or a piece of string. Carbon dioxide gas can be produced by loosening the rubber band or string around the tablet and allowing the water to reach the tablet. 10. Oxygen 11. a) A balanced equation contains equal numbers of each element on the reactant and on the product side of the equation. b) i) (s) Solid ii) ( ) iii) (g) Gaseous iv) (ag) Aqueous ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; f v) ( ↑ ) kjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj g vi) ( ↓ ) kjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj g vii) ( = ) 12.a) A chemical reaction in which heat is absorbed, because the products are higher in energy than the reactants b) A chemical reaction in which heat is released, because the products are of lower energy than the reactants c) Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction) describes all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation number (oxidation state) changed. This can be either a simple redox process such as the oxidation of carbon to yield carbon dioxide or the reduction of carbon by hydrogen to yield methane (CH4), or it can be a complex process such as the oxidation of sugar in the human body through a series of very complex electron transfer processes. d) Thermal decomposition, also called thermolysis, is defined as a chemical reaction when a chemical substance breaks up into at least two chemical substances when heated. The reaction is usually endothermic as heat is required to break chemical bonds in the compound undergoing decomposition. e) f) 13. 1 dm ³ = cm ³ = m ³ = ml = l 14. a) b) Litres (l) or cubic metre (m3) c) d) e) f) Second (s) g) Kilogram (kg) h) Grams per mole (g/mol or gmol-1)

Foreign vs. American Women in Marriage :: essays research papers

Foreign Vs. American Women Since the beginning, relationships between man and woman have been very hard to understand and conglomerate into one persona. There is always the level of interest between the male and female that must to exist to allow the relationships infancy. According to the Bible, the woman was a gift from God, designed to aid the man in his work for God. Wars started leaving peace or hatred between countries over the many years of our existence. The amount of time countries refused foreign relations created differences in looks, actions, ideals, and beliefs of its culture. Not much thoughts given to the female race and impacts they received from the lack of diversity. The question of today, due to increasing divorce rates, is should she be a Foreigner or American. According to nomarriage.com, 'A huge percentage of American women are selfish, flighty, insecure, needy, and psychotic.' Often Foreign women, portray many of the qualities American women out-grew in the ever-increasing crunch for liberation of freedoms. Another difference would be in outward attitude portrayal. Quoted from nomarraige.com, 'Women in America seem to have cold, superficial, or stuck-up attitudes.' Foreign women hold themselves in the center of their relationships by not passing any judgments. American women of today are trying to achieve the top of the professional ladder, leaving less time for family. Enticing them to do what man seemingly suppressed her from doing all these years, while the foreign women are perfectly happy with their femininity and try to progress with their husbands forward. The divorce rates are extremely higher in American-to-American marriages. The Foreign-to-American divorce rate is currently 20% as stated by United States Citizenshi p and Immigration Services (USCIS). American-to-American divorce rate is within the 45%-55% range based on a study by divorcestatistics.org. Foreign women tend to have different physical features. The rare physical features are intriguing and above the regular, that we see each day. This often causes animosity from the western women who are comfortable in our land of opportunity. Foreign women tend to speak a minimum of two different languages, allowing ease in communication proficiency and understanding different cultures. All the females of the world, however, possess the heart that loves a man. Whether an American or foreigner, at one point the female will truly love the man she courted.