Life in Discovery Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Life in Discovery - Research Proposal Example Rosalind Franklin truly lived a "Life in Discovery;" that is to say that Franklin lived her life to the fullest, with the intent of shaping a better future for all, and with little concern for her personal needs or interests. Money and fame were not her motivation; rather, she is known today "for her dedication and commitment to science and is clearly a role model for students, researchers, faculty and all aspiring scientists throughout the world" (Rosalind Franklin University, 1). Essentially, Franklin worked solely to discovery new things and hoped her discoveries could make a positive impact on the world or lead to great advances in science. I believe this is an important thought that should remain on the minds of all scientists, whichever field they choose to enter. Money appears to be an important motivation factor in much of today's world; however, to live and work under the "Life in Discovery" philosophy would mean to work for a larger purpose than money alone. Living a "Life in Discovery" would entail the embodiment of those things that Rosalind Franklin is most known for today: "dedication, hard work, intelligence and courage" (Rosalind Franklin University 1). Although this philosophy could be taken into consideration with any professional field, I believe this philosophy to be most important within the field of science.

Exploring the Mind of Internet Addicts Essay Example for Free

Exploring the Mind of Internet Addicts Essay Addiction is a commonly used word that is mostly associated with a substance(drug or alcohol) and sometimes thought of as an illness. We often hear the word addiction thrown around in conversations. I’ve often used the word addiction when referring to my love of chocolate, but in this case it’s just an expression of speech. For a long time now, though, a lot of controversy has been going on about adding other activities, other than substance use to the word addiction. In this case excessive use of the Internet, Internet Addiction(IA). Many people are wanting to take addiction to a whole new level, by adding Internet Addiction to the DSM-V (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; in other words the â€Å"psychiatric bible†) but is our need, love, desire, and excessive use of the internet just a compulsion or an addiction? Addiction is when a person is dependent on a behavior or specific substance in order to cope with life. The dependence is so important to the individual that even when it becomes harmful to themselves, their family, work, and other important areas of their life they will persist in using the substance, or engaging in the behavior. Also, â€Å"There are actual changes that occur in the brains of addicts and treatments for addiction must address the biology behind the behavior.† So far addictions have focused on highs that are caused from the use of drugs or other substances that affect the brain’s chemical responses. However it has recently been discovered that a person can receive a similar â€Å"high† from using the Internet. The research for this disorder is scarce and fairly new, but the results leave something to argue about for the supporting side. Overly excessive use of the Internet affects everyone involved with the â€Å"user.† There have been con fessions from individuals who claim to suffer from IAD (Internet Addiction Disorder). A case was, reported in the New York Times, A woman who had been divorced by her husband because of her excessive use of the Internet. Still the woman did not come to her senses and continued to use the internet so much that she forgot to buy food for her children, to take them to doctor appointments, and to buy enough oil to warm her home.(Maria Garcia Duran) Sounds like an addiction, but this still doesn’t fit the whole criteria. Remember you have to experience a chemical effect in the brain when your considering an obsessive need for something to be a diagnose as an addiction. There may be some alternative chemical change in her brain, such as the internet use is causing her to be happy, which means endorphins are being released to the brain. But this article isnt clear on whether the internet use really makes her happy, or helps her hide from reality which may still leave her with the same mood set, but just in hiding. Most people who think they are addicted may just be suffering from the desire to not want to deal with other problems going on in their lives. Those problems may in fact be a mental disorder like anxiety or depression. It may be a a relationship problem, serious disability or health problem. The internet use is no different than TV use, so you won’t have to â€Å"go out with the boys† for drinks or talking to your spouse. Others who spend to much time online with out any other problems present may just be suffering from compulsive over-use.

Cases of Violence in Sports and How They Should Be Handled :: Art

Cases of Violence in Sports and How They Should Be Handled Violence in sports will always be a big issue although I don't think it will ever be truly resolved. In sports there is competition and where there is competition people are striving to be the best. There is a lot of strong emotion when people are trying to win for themselves or for their team. In sports as long as there is competition and high emotion, there will always be the potential for violence. The intense competition that is a part of sports can and often does lead to violence. The violence isn't always among the players of the sports being played. At a nine-year old soccer game in Staten Island parents of opposing teams became engaged in a verbal fight over a call that a referee made and it became a big brawl between parents. This shows the kids at that game that if their parents can engage in a fight with the opposing teams parents then that makes it right to throw an elbow in a game or shove someone. Yet in professional sports it isn't the athletes most of the time. Usually the fans are the ones to cause the riots and fights. Especially in the sport of soccer, the fans take the sport so serious and they aren't even playing in the game. Unhappy Corinthian fans said that the players were slacking off and so the fans gave the team a piece of their own mind by invading the field, cursing at the players and punching their own team. Corinthian fans have been known to turn against there own team in unfavorable times. These are obviously not true fans. A few years ago Latrell Spreewell was in an incident where he choked his coach. This brought major conflict to the NBA; they did not know what to do with Latrell. At the time he was on the Golden State Warriors, they needed to make the playoffs and to do this they needed Latrell. But to let him physically and orally assault his own coach and to get away with it, who knows what type of controversy this could bring to the basketball world. They had to do something with Latrell but what? If they suspended him, the team would have no chance of getting to the playoffs and, without the possibility of winning the basketball championship, which would mean a dramatic decrease of income on the behalf of the Warriors.

Unfounded Stereotypes and Stereotyping at State University Essay exampl

Unfounded Stereotypes at State University Choosing a college major is often a difficult and distressing task for many students. Most individuals attend college to obtain a career that will lead to wealth and success. When deciding on a major, students consider their main interests as well as the opportunities offered by particular fields of study. Many of these young adults, however, never consider that the decisions they make can determine their "status" at a university and can be the source of many generalizations by peers. Especially at the State University, certain majors are believed to be more credible than others. For example, those found in the fields of mathematics and science are perceived to be highly difficult and time consuming, and therefore command a great deal of respect in the college arena. On the other hand, majors found in Arts and Letters and Business are deemed to be quite a bit easier, less stressful, and as a result are often scorned. Because of these stereotypes, students of Arts and Letters and Busi ness command much less respect in the university and receive much less credit for academic accomplishments. In order to eliminate unfounded stereotypes, all majors at Notre Dame should be equally regarded because they reflect a student's interests and strengths rather than define his or her identity and intelligence. Upon arrival at the State University for freshman orientation, students are immediately sorted into categories. One's dorm provides the initial identity as students march to countless events chanting the cheers that have been handed down from upperclassmen. However, these stereotypes are all in fun and are rather temporary as the welcomes fade and all begin to feel a part of the student bo... ...etitive learning environment in which students would choose their majors based on their own interests and needs and would refrain from making so many judgments about the fields of their peers. While the solutions are not clear, the goals are, and once achieved would lead to a more enlightened community. Works Cited Bundick, Rachel. Personal Interview. 19 November 1998. Clayton, Mark. "Big Majors on Campus." Christian Science Monitor March. 1998: 1-6. Â   Gardner, H. Multiple Intelligences: The Theory in Practice (169). New York: Basic Books (1993). Â   "How to Pick a College Major." USA Today Magazine Sept. 1997: 1-2. Â   Orndorff, Robert M., and Edwin L. Herr. "A Comparative Study of Declared and Undeclared College Students on Career Uncertainty and Involvement in Career Development Activities." Journal of Counseling & Development July, 1996: 1-17.

Inflated Language

Inflation, It’s now Effecting our Words Inflation is a word that is often referred to when talking about economies. When talking about the economy inflation is when there is too much currency so its value is lowered. The more rare something is the more it is worth. That is a very simple concept that can apply to so much more than economy. Inflation has infiltrated school, society, and even language. Ever since I was a little child, I have been showered with words like terrific, fantastic, and incredible, and I bet I am not the only kid who can say that.Everyone is treated like the best because when we are kids and our being raised by are parents they see us as the best in the world no matter what we do. The people who raise us have this view of us that we are better than everyone else. This showering of compliments starts very early and continues into school. School is a place of extremities. Everything is a great success or a work in progress. Words like terrific or excellent have not become standardized but have become relative to everyone. What is â€Å"terrific† for one person could be someone else’s â€Å"horrible†.The student is compared to him or herself instead of everyone in a school. Language is unique because of its flexibility, but this very same flexibility causes words to lose their meaning because they become over used. I know that this happens in school because I have seen it happen while I have gone through our education system. I was in a class where just turning in papers got you a one hundred percent and a comment saying great job. The distributions of these words have led everyone to think that they can do no wrong.People think that no matter what they do they should get an award and a pat on the back. All these ideas come from society. Everyone always talk about where the bar is set for things. This is an ongoing metaphor used to show what people will accept as good. This â€Å"bar† is set by society as a whole and society is accepting less and less. This acceptance of less means the distribution of successful words like fantastic, which is the formula for inflation. Too much of a product means it’s worth less, and that is what is happening to our language.

The Philosophy of Rehabilitation Essays

The Philosophy of Rehabilitation Essays The Philosophy of Rehabilitation Essay The Philosophy of Rehabilitation Essay The philosophy of rehabilitation refers to the use of prisons as correctional facilities. Up until the end of the nineteenth century, the judicial system used prisons to hold prisoners awaiting trial or as places where persons were punished. Other remedies for offenders included corporal punishment, exile, and even execution. The remedies did not, however, limit the rate of crime. In response to the poor efficiency and use of prisons, the early twentieth century developed correctional institutions, where prisoners were meant to be rehabilitated. The correctional institutes employed different tools to try and improve the lives of the inmates when they were re-inducted into the society. The civil rights movement and the Vietnam War were among some of the most socially disruptive events of the mid-1960s all through to the 1970s. In addition to this, the judicial system saw some of the most incompetent years in the history of the USA. The judges were lenient to dangerous criminals, offering paroles in the name of the constitution. The conservatives saw the misuse of the judicial system and the correctional institutes around the country by the prison administration. The liberals, on the other hand, were more concerned with the injustices that the philosophy of rehabilitation has endorsed. The integrity of the judicial systems had been defeated in a significant manner. Both conservatives and liberals, therefore, moved to attack rehabilitation as a recourse to the crime problem. In 1974, Dr. Martinson published an article indicating the futile nature of the government and society of the USA in rehabilitating prisoners. It is in this article that he coined the term, Nothing works. The article analyzed the different solutions that the government had tried to come up with to improve the crime situation. The nothing works doctrine was one of the most famous politically motivated phrases of the 1970s.

shakespeare1 essays

shakespeare1 essays How little is the cost I have bestowed in purchasing the semblance of my soul,(3.5.19-20) is where the heart of this play is in my eyes. Portia doing what she can for her one true love, Bassanio. Money is of no importance to her especially when it comes to the happiness or unhappiness of Bassanio. There are many places in the Merchant of Venice that show Portia and Bassanios indifference, and what seems to be apathy toward wealth. Many are hidden and many are as clear as day to the reader. I found that reading into The Merchant of Venice was a fun and interesting experience. The way Shakespeare wrote his plays makes people really think about what they are reading; it reminded me of a maze. Portia, an unspoiled Princess to riches, a Princess that doesnt need to think or worry about money. It is something she has an unimaginable amount of, yet it doesnt change who she is or what her values are. Her father seemed to instill in her that money isnt everything to everybody; how you care ab out people and values are what matter the most in life. When we first see Bassanio, he is telling Antonio of a secret trip he plans to take to win the heart of Portia; yet he has no means to get there due to his extravagant living which has left him in debt to others. At first money seems to be of some importance to Bassanio, but towards the middle of the play his thoughts seem to change. Although Portias father does not have a so-called character in The Merchant of Venice; his presence is definitely felt through Portias character, as well as the scrolls on the caskets. In doing this, Portias father in a way still had a hand helping to choose the right husband for his daughter. When each of the princes come to woo Portia and go into the casket room, they look for what would be the most creative answer in picking out the casket. The gold casket scroll reads Who chooseth me shall gain what many men...

How to Use Mock Interviews to Prep for the Real Thing

How to Use Mock Interviews to Prep for the Real Thing A mock interview is a simulation of a job interview, and can be an extremely useful tool in job searching and preparation. Mock interviews help you practice delivering your prepared answers to some expected questions, so you have some experience saying your answers out loud and have a chance to work out some kinks. It also gives you a little bit of comfort and confidence with the interview format. How to Set One UpFirst step is to see if your college career center has a program in place- whether for in person, online, or video chat mock interviews. If not, there are a number of online programs that perform this service- and might be worth trying. The more professional and realistic the mock interview (i.e. the less personal or casual ) the better. Extra points if your mock interviewer can give you a really clear-eyed critique.If you can’t find a professional, you can always ask a trusted friend, colleague, or family member. Make it clear that you’d like them to be as co ld and harsh as possible to simulate the real thing. The more you practice now, the more confident and at ease you’ll be during the real thing.How to PrepPrepare just as you would for a normal interview. Bring your materials (even if you’re just Skyping someone; it’s good practice to go through the routine). Dress smartly. Be in place and ready 10  minutes early. Be positive. Smile when you speak. Address your interviewer by name and make eye contact. Bring a notebook to take notes, where appropriate.Questions to IncludeNow the questions. Here are a few of the most popular questions that might be asked in a mock interview situation. Usually these are the sorts of questions that get asked in first-round or screening interviews by companies or HR departments. Start preparing your answers to these, and other questions, and then start practicing!â€Å"Why should we hire you?†Here you should make a point of emphasizing the skills and experience you have that are most relevant to the job you’re applying for. Show them how you fill a gap, or solve a problem that is important to them. What can you give them that the other interviewees cannot?â€Å"What are your weaknesses?†Pivot as much as possible to focus on your strengths, but do take the time to come up with a thoughtful answer to this. Interviewers can see through b.s.â€Å"Why do you want this job?†Why do you want to work at this company? How does it fit with your strengths and what you’re passionate about?â€Å"What are your career goals?†Careful not to make it clear you want to use this job as a stepping stone, but also don’t neglect to show your ambition in the field. It’s a bit of a balancing act, so good thing you’re getting a chance to practice.â€Å"Tell us about your past jobs.†Questions about what you liked or were satisfied by and questions about what you hated/why you left are to be expected. The trick is to g ive your interviewer a sense of what motivates you.Remember to treat your mock or practice interview like the real thing. The realer it is, the better prepared you’ll be once you’re in the actual interview room, ready to win the job.

Are Goverments Efforts in Curbing GreenHpuse Emissions Enough Essay

Are Goverments Efforts in Curbing GreenHpuse Emissions Enough - Essay Example The paper tells that many governments worldwide are putting in efforts to curb the emission of greenhouse gases is evident and promising. The efforts are there to see. But there is another factor that is not just equally but more disturbing. Since 1970’s the emission of green house gases worldwide has roughly doubled and with the current efforts and policies, it is believed to go up by 70% by 2050. The two major contributors of greenhouse gases are USA and China. USA and China account for nearly 44% of the total carbon dioxide production on the planet. China is responsible for 23% of the total carbon dioxide production while USA accounts for 21%. According to the Fifth U.S. Climate Action Report, there has been a 17% increase in the emissions of the greenhouse gases in the US during 1990-2007. Emission of greenhouse gases in China is increasing even more rapidly. From 1992 to 2002, there has been a 56% increase in the emission and since it has doubled. Going by the current pac e, the emissions are expected to double or triple by 2025. This is a clear indicator again, that the efforts of the 2 main contributors of greenhouse gas emissions are falling short by a long margin. The above holds good for the governments of other countries too. France and Britain have openly admitted that the goal to bring down emissions by 20% by 2020 is very low. Also the efficiency goal of improving by 20% by 2020 set by European Union has a big problem. According to the European Commission only half the 10% of improvement in efficiency will be achieved. (The Economist, 2011). Slovenia has adopted numerous plans to curb the emission of greenhouse gases but has failed to abide by its commitment to Kyoto obligations. Karl Erjavec, Slovenia’s Environment Minister, had said in 2009 government session that the requirements of the Kyoto obligations were not met. In 2009, Slovenia’s carbon dioxide emissions were 1m kilo tonnes more than the Kyoto limit (EVROPA, 2009). I t is now clear that irrespective of numerous initiatives and efforts, there has been a rapid increase in the greenhouse gases worldwide. This goes to prove that the efforts of the government in curbing the emission of greenhouses gases are not enough. There is an urgent need for Governments of all nations to take up this seriously and starting working towards reducing the greenhouse gas emissions before it is too late and the changes become irreversible. There are various reasons and challenges why governments have not been able to take strong actions and enforce stricter laws to prevent emission of green house gases. As said,

Nursing research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Nursing research - Essay Example Savory and Bennett (2006) noted that effective management of pain starts with ensuring accuracy during the assessment and evaluation of pain in children. While the most fundamental approach of evaluating and assessing pain is through self-reporting, it is evident that children are not able to communicate the pain they experienced to their mothers and healthcare professionals. In effect, Savory and Bennett (2006) identifies the importance of effective training of nurses who took care of children in order to ensure that the nurses understood the behavioral and physiological approach towards assessment and evaluation of pain in children, which underlines the importance of a pain nurse who will be visiting the wards each day. On the other hand, Twycross (2010) identified the importance of a pain nurse visiting the pediatric ward and noted that the nurse provides support to other nurses in the ward to make decisions regarding the assessment and evaluation of pain in children. In effect, t he pain nurse reduces stress associated with decision-making in regard to the intervention measures that the nurses use to asses, control, and manage pain in children. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the American Pain Society (APS) (2001) noted that effective pain management should â€Å"involve families and tailor interventions to the individual child† (p.794). In this regard, tailoring the interventions to the individual child requires the parents input since the parents understand their children more than the healthcare practitioners understood these children under their care. In support of this proposition, Savory and Bennett (2006) noted that parents can provide nurses with their children’s â€Å"likes and dislikes, hobbies, and home environment† in order to tailor the intervention to the individual child. On the other hand, it is evident that parents understand the level of their child’s cognition and they have an existing trusting rela tionship with the children. In effect, parents play an important role of helping the nurses assess their children’s pain. Conversely, it is evident that parents provide the essential therapeutic touch during the process of pain management and control by comforting their children. In effect, this improves the management and control of pain in children. Internal and external validity Twycross (2011) study was qualitative in nature and involved carrying out a literature review using the British Nursing Index, CINAHL, and Medline in order to develop the literature. In effect, the findings of the research have both internal and external validity since the literature conducted used peer-reviewed articles published in the last fifteen years before the research study. In line with this, the study evaluated pain assessment procedures, pain control procedures, and pain management approaches used in children. Importantly, the pain management approaches that the research provided are app licable in all children regardless of their location or any other prevailing factors such as race, ethnicity, and their parents’ economic class. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the American Pain Society (APS) (2001) carried a similar research study to Twycross in terms of the research design. In line with this, the researchers engaged in carrying out the study investigated the issue of pain management

Napoleonic Wars Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Napoleonic Wars - Essay Example He decided early on a military career and won a scholarship to a military academy. His ensuing military conquests threatened the stability of the world and made France a powerful force. He built an empire extending throughout Europe, but his quest for France's total world domination was doomed to failure. Napoleon was decidedly effective against the Austrians in Italy in 1796. Ever a great self-publicist, he maintained the popular profile of a political independent, thanks partly to the newspapers he ran. Because he controlled printed matter in France, he was able to influence public opinion. His political talents and military expertise on land expanded his powers. He did, however, fail in his attempt to invade Egypt, and, crushed by the British navy, he was forced to abandon much of his army and return to the European front. In the meantime, however, the French public was aware only of his military successes, and he was considered a hero. Napoleon took control of France after overthrowing the republic. By 1801, as First Consul, he had restored order in France. He established the Civil Code on March 21, 1804, and it was renamed Code Napoleon in 1907. With its stress on clearly written and accessible law, it was a major step in establishing the rule of law. The principal tenet of the Civil Code was that every French person was equal before the law. Napoleon wanted to replace a series of existing laws in France with a standard code for all people. However, the law was inconsistent in that it established supremacy of husband with respect to wife and children, but allowed divorce on a relatively liberal basis, including divorce by mutual consent. Other major points of the law were: Laws could be applied only if duly promulgated and if published officially. No secret laws were authorized. Ex post facto laws were prohibited. Judges prohibited from passing from general judgments of a legislative value. Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopaedia Napoleon's empire controlled-either directly or through states under his sway-France, Portugal, Spain, modern-day Belgium and the Netherlands, and large parts of modern Italy, Germany and Poland. Alliance with Russia between 1807 and 1812, and dominance over the remaining continental powers of Austria and Prussia, showed the empire at its peak. Napoleon's rule began with the annihilation of the French monarchy, which would never again be in control. He established an independent nationhood based on ability and rose to power through political coups. The French Directory was replaced by the Consulate, a new government run by three consuls (Bonaparte, Sieys and Roger Ducos) with Bonaparte as First Consul (Time Traveller's). In 1804, Napoleon declared himself emperor and ruled from 1804-1814 when he abdicated to Elba, and then reclaimed power from March to June 1815. Continental System Napoleon established the Continental System in 1806, his scheme to stop all shipping of British goods into Europe, which ended up hurting France more than Britain, and leading to the rise of nationalism in Europe. The response of the United Kingdom with a counter blockade indirectly led to the War of 1812 (Napoleonic, 2006). One of the most dramatic results of this commercial warfare was "the English bombardment of

Finance report on Engro Corporation (Pakistan) Essay

Finance report on Engro Corporation (Pakistan) - Essay Example The overall per capita income is approximately $1250 with low literacy rates and high population growth rates. Pakistan is considered as a developing country due to different factors such as higher mortality rates, low literacy ratio, high population growth rates, higher levels of poverty, lack of health care facilities, poor education system etc. It is however, important to note that Pakistan’s economy has suffered a lot in recent times due to war on terror which has created significant law and order situation. (CIA The World Factbook 2011) Pakistan has its own Institute of Chartered Accountants which is also affiliated with the major international accountancy bodies. Over the period of time, accountancy as a profession has evolved in the country and Pakistan also exports its accountants to GCC countries especially due to overall quality and strength of its accountancy profession. Engro Corporation is a diversified company engaged in fertilizer, food as well as energy sector. The primary markets of the firm are Pakistan where it mostly sells its output however, it also plans to expand its food business in North America also. (Najeeb 2011). Major competitors of firm include Fauji Fertilizer Limited, Nestle Limited, and Unilever Pakistan etc. Company Industry Assets Market Cap Employees Engro Corp Conglomerate 132,105M 55748.035M2 32023 Pak Packages Food, Beverage 39,625.0M 8.800Bn4 300 Unilever 5Pakistan FMCG 13,554.00M 75.2Bn NA Fauji Fertilizer6 Fertilizer 74,016.94M 131.8Bn 100-500 PSO7 Oil Marketing 202,247.7M 40.90Bn 2000 Lotte Pak8 Chemical 22,896.00M 16.80Bn 2279 The above data about the companies are present on the official website of the Karachi Stock Exchange where all these firms are listed. 2(a) Engro Corp is required to publish its annual audited report in compliance of various domestic as well as international legislation requirements. It prepares following financial statements10: 1. Balance Sheet 2. Profit and Loss Account ( along with statement of comprehensive income) 3. Cash flow statement 4. Statement of changes in equity The first three notes to the accounts discuss following: Legal Status and Operations: In this note the firm has discussed its legal status and operations while at the same time giving a bifurcation of its balance sheet to outline different segments of its business. Note 2 provides the summary of the significant accounting policies adapted by the firm and discusses different policies such as basis of preparation of the accounts, application and interpretation of different accounting standards etc. Note 3 provides critical accounting estimates and judgments and provides a comprehensive understanding of firm’s policies regarding depreciation, impairments, income taxes, fair values of employees investments etc. Appendix Attached 2(b) The basis of preparation of the accounts are the historical cost c onvention however, firm has disclosed that it also records some financial assets and financial liabilities based on their fair value. It is also to be noted that the financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the approved

Organization Theory Term Project 2 apple and Microsoft Assignment

Organization Theory Term Project 2 apple and Microsoft - Assignment Example Customer, on the other hand, can have product preference changes, and this will determine the type of the products that they buy. If a client decides to take an alternative product, it is a loss to the company (Cusumano, 2007). Hence, it becomes unstable. The customers preference is uncertain it cannot be predicted hence the reason many businesses become unstable. Microsoft and Apple companies face this problem. The economy of a country is uncertain, and this uncertainty affects the performance of the organizations. If a state’s economy drops, it will affect the company negatively hence it becomes unstable. Both Microsoft and Apple Company will be affected negatively since if the economy if bad the sales of their products will reduce the company hence, becomes volatile and vice versa if the economy is good (Inside Apple: how Americas most admired--and secretive--company really works, 2012). Government policies determine the laws and regulations of a given country. Countries legislation and regulations are amended from time to time, and that will determine the companies are working there. If the conditions are not favorable, it will affect the organizations negatively. The rules of a country will ascertain the stability of the organization if the rules are favorable the organization will be stable. Competition cannot be predicted by organization thought they come up with strategies to outsmart each other. Competition among organizations is healthy but at times, its bad if the competition is high. For instance, if an organization has other related industries in the same countries it might be hard for them to do well especially if the other organization as a strong brand name. Getting customers to accept the new products may be hard since they may be having product loyalty. Global competition is another problem already established an organization with

Finance report on Engro Corporation (Pakistan) Essay

Finance report on Engro Corporation (Pakistan) - Essay Example The overall per capita income is approximately $1250 with low literacy rates and high population growth rates. Pakistan is considered as a developing country due to different factors such as higher mortality rates, low literacy ratio, high population growth rates, higher levels of poverty, lack of health care facilities, poor education system etc. It is however, important to note that Pakistan’s economy has suffered a lot in recent times due to war on terror which has created significant law and order situation. (CIA The World Factbook 2011) Pakistan has its own Institute of Chartered Accountants which is also affiliated with the major international accountancy bodies. Over the period of time, accountancy as a profession has evolved in the country and Pakistan also exports its accountants to GCC countries especially due to overall quality and strength of its accountancy profession. Engro Corporation is a diversified company engaged in fertilizer, food as well as energy sector. The primary markets of the firm are Pakistan where it mostly sells its output however, it also plans to expand its food business in North America also. (Najeeb 2011). Major competitors of firm include Fauji Fertilizer Limited, Nestle Limited, and Unilever Pakistan etc. Company Industry Assets Market Cap Employees Engro Corp Conglomerate 132,105M 55748.035M2 32023 Pak Packages Food, Beverage 39,625.0M 8.800Bn4 300 Unilever 5Pakistan FMCG 13,554.00M 75.2Bn NA Fauji Fertilizer6 Fertilizer 74,016.94M 131.8Bn 100-500 PSO7 Oil Marketing 202,247.7M 40.90Bn 2000 Lotte Pak8 Chemical 22,896.00M 16.80Bn 2279 The above data about the companies are present on the official website of the Karachi Stock Exchange where all these firms are listed. 2(a) Engro Corp is required to publish its annual audited report in compliance of various domestic as well as international legislation requirements. It prepares following financial statements10: 1. Balance Sheet 2. Profit and Loss Account ( along with statement of comprehensive income) 3. Cash flow statement 4. Statement of changes in equity The first three notes to the accounts discuss following: Legal Status and Operations: In this note the firm has discussed its legal status and operations while at the same time giving a bifurcation of its balance sheet to outline different segments of its business. Note 2 provides the summary of the significant accounting policies adapted by the firm and discusses different policies such as basis of preparation of the accounts, application and interpretation of different accounting standards etc. Note 3 provides critical accounting estimates and judgments and provides a comprehensive understanding of firm’s policies regarding depreciation, impairments, income taxes, fair values of employees investments etc. Appendix Attached 2(b) The basis of preparation of the accounts are the historical cost c onvention however, firm has disclosed that it also records some financial assets and financial liabilities based on their fair value. It is also to be noted that the financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the approved

Rhetoric & Stereotypes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Rhetoric & Stereotypes - Essay Example †¨The language and rhetoric that is used to reinforce the stereotype of each group will be described. It will be examined if there some â€Å"truth† to stereotypes of these groups (and others, as well)? †¨Finally, there will be an in-depth self-appraisal about what this writer has learned based on this. The following are stereotypes generated by the writer which are not necessarily true but are commonly associated with the following respective groups. Generally, politicians have the reputation for being men who are usually lawyers, liars, crooked, long-winded, all talk and no action, cheaters, stealers, dishonest, powerful, power-hungry, ego-centric, self-centered, and egomaniacal. Tattooed persons may have the reputation of being the following: cheap; pro basketball players; losers; people who smoke; trailer trash; bikers; biker babes; self-cutters; people with low self-esteem; exhibitionists; people of low social class or socioeconomic status; people from the ghetto or who exalt ghetto life or the ghetto lifestyle; following their cultural norms; getting tattoos for fun; being sailors; being punks; being fans of â€Å"emo† music; and drunks. Feminists may be stereotyped as being annoying, loud, pushy, lesbians, dykes, whiny, single, organizers, protesters, bra-burners, peo ple who use the title â€Å"Ms.†, independent, ballbreakers, complainers, whistleblowers, strong, strong-minded, stubborn, and well-educated. Senior citizens may be labeled as grumpy, old, leaky, sickly, frail, poor, forgetful, repetitive, wistful, reminiscing, mean, doddering, docile, childlike, dependent, ornery, wise, professorial, people who live in the past, long-winded, toothless, bald or balding, frugal, cheap when it comes to money, hard-of-hearing, blind, sight-impaired, dependent on prescription drugs, unsteady, bad drivers, and people who have decreased mobility. †¨ Not all of

Segmentation method used by LOreal Essay Example for Free

Segmentation method used by LOreal Essay In â€Å"The Crisis, No. 1,† an article written by Thomas Paine in 1776, there are many literary tools. This Article speaks of how the colonists need to stand up and fight for themselves against Britain and gain their independence. Three forms of language that Paine uses in order to convince the colonists that this is necessary were pathos, diction, and logos. The most prevalent literary tool, also form of rhetoric in this document was Pathos as Paine uses a lot of emotion to connect with his target audience. â€Å"I call not upon a few, but upon all; not on this state or that state, but on every state,† shows how he uses pathos to arouse a feeling of patriotism or unity. Paine obviously tries to connect with the audience through feelings of connection with each member of their society. He also often uses the word â€Å"we† to show how he is just one of them, another simple colonist who wants to break free from Britain. He ensues fear in the colonists through God, the devil, and how they would be slaves if the British kept ruling over them. Paine says that if they kept acting so naive then the British would come over and kill them. Another obvious literary tool that Paine uses is diction. He uses many thought provoking words that allow people to think more about the topic at hand. â€Å" suffer the misery of devils†¦Ã¢â‚¬  represents a form of Paine’s diction. The word misery evokes great emotion in regular people as they could have been through some form of misery, such as being under control of Britain, giving them a greater understanding of the word. To go even further, it being the â€Å"misery of devils† makes it an even greater misery and more disturbing to the public, giving them thoughts of what a devil’s true misery might be. The use of the word â€Å"suffer† in this quote, as well, brings even greater understanding and fear as it is a harsh word. All of these words together bring a jarring tone of misery, giving great emotion and feeling to the colonists. The final and least evident literary structure Paine uses in this document is logos as there are few forms of logic. Throughout the writing, there are a few times where Paine uses actual reason over emotions, but enough times that it stimulates thought on the colonists’ part. â€Å"We did not make a proper use of last winter, neither could we, while we were in a dependent state. However, the fault, if it were one, was all our own; We have none to blame but ourselves,† shows Paine’s thoughts on an actual problem that happened. He speaks about how it was the colonists, including his own, fault for what happened, no one elses, stating the blunt truth. This makes the colonists think and recount on what they have done and what they can do to fix it. Overall, Paine uses many literary forms in this document, allowing the colonists to think more about what they should do, and evoking emotions of disgust and hatred toward Britain. This article pushed the colonists more toward wanting to be free of Britain and to not be slaves to them. They wanted to break away and gain their independence more due to this document and Paine’s way of writing this. Al of the language he uses, from pathos to diction and to logos, Paine ensued hope into the colonists for a better, more free future.

Theories of US Involvement in the Vietnam War

Theories of US Involvement in the Vietnam War Laina Galayde The Right Reasons Do you know how many U.S troops were killed in the Vietnam War? According to the DCAS in 2009, there were 58,220 recorded deaths. Did the United States really have the right reasons to expend that many citizens? There was not significant enough economic, social or political reason for the U.S. to involve itself in the Vietnam Civil War. For many who study foreign affairs, the Vietnam War was a tragic mistake brought about by the U.S. leaders who exaggerated the influence of communism and underestimated the power of nationalism (Lind). However, those who actively study foreign affairs are not the only ones who view this war as a mistake. It is also agreed that in the long run, the United States had nothing to gain economically from being involved in the Vietnam Civil War. When fighting finally broke out in Vietnam there were two sides, the communist North Vietnam and anti-communist South Vietnam. In reality, the two sides werent so clearly defined until 1945 when, Viet Minh forces seized the northern city of Hanoi and declared a democratic State of Vietnam (known commonly as North Vietnam) with Ho as president, (History.com staff). Ho as in Ho Chi Minh. Bao Dai, the French educated emperor of all Vietnam stepped down in favor of the revolution to free his country from the oppressive French. However, the French who had formed an alliance with the Chinese were not planning on letting Vietnam have their independence yet. While they got control of the South, the Chinese invaded the North. Despite Hos tries for peaceful negotiations with the French for independence for Vietnam, withdrawal of the Chinese and reunification of the North and the South were all for naught when, in October 1946, a French cruiser opened fire on the town of Haiphong after a clash between French and Vietnamese soldiers(History.com staff). and Ho Chi Minhs followers called for war. Now, onto the claims. In the long term, The United States had nothing to gain economically from the Vietnam War. When the United States first entered the war the main concern was the spread of communism; the economy was not fore-front. Though the war was instrumental in increasing wages, inflation was also rising at an astounding rate. However, this was not the true economy. It was all fabricated because of the war. The government was spending huge amounts of money on companies that were, in one way or another, feeding and fueling the Vietnam Conflict and people were making money hand over fist (Captain John Glowe, Vietnam veteran). It can be argued that the stimulating effect of wars can be beneficial to the economy. War leads to higher government spending, higher employment and can, therefore, provide a boost to domestic demand, economic growth and help reduce unemployment (Pettinger). Yet, when America pulled out of the conflict much of this work dried up and the American people w ere left with a huge recession that damaged the economy greatly. Socially, the Vietnam conflict was a Civil War that we should not have involved ourselves in.ÂÂ   The United States main justification of its involvement in the war was to help the people of Southern Vietnam be free and so stop the spread of communism; however, it was hard for the American people to understand the Vietnamese because they wanted to be independent more than they didnt want communism. Their freedom was not as important as their nationalism. The independence of the country of Vietnam was paramount. One of the things that made the Vietnam War so morally confusing for Americans was the fact that the Viet Minh were both nationalists and Communist (www.sparknotes.com). This confusion led to the American people not supporting their returning troops and to protests. Though it can be argued that this confusion also caused the innocent American people to wake up and question their leaders, ultimately, the costs of the war did not justify the means. During the Vietnam War, o ne of the biggest social impacts was the use of protesting. Protesters believed that mass gatherings and constant protesting would actually influence government decisions. Whether it did or not, is something to debate. But, from the outside looking in, the protests did nothing to stop the U.S, from getting involved, the war continuing, or ending (Biello). Finally, the negative global effect of a possible communist Vietnam was exaggerated. It wasÂÂ   feared that if one country fell to communism, its neighbor would, and so on and so on, much like dominoes falling. In Southeast Asia, the United States government used the domino theory to justify its support of a non-communist regime in South Vietnam against the communist government of North Vietnam, and ultimately its increasing involvement in the long-running Vietnam War (1954-75) (History.com Staff). This theory did not evolve as was feared. In fact, the American failure to prevent a communist victory in Vietnam had much less of a global impact than had been assumed by the domino theory. Though communist regimes did arise in Laos and Cambodia after 1975, communism failed to spread throughout the rest of Southeast Asia (History.com Staff). In conclusion, although economic, social, and political justifications have been touted for the United States entanglement in the Vietnam War, with time, most of these have been proven invalid. It is impossible to know what our world might look like had America not chosen to participate in the Vietnam conflict. As in most instances, hindsight is 20/20. Work Cited Statistical Information About Casualties of The Vietnam War. www.archives.gov, 2013,ÂÂ   https://www.archives.gov/research/military/vietnam-war/casualty-statistics.html Lind, Michael. Why We Went to War in Vietnam. www.legion.org, The American Legion, December 20, 2012, https://www.legion.org/magazine/213233/why-we-went-war-vietnam. Hisory.com staff. Ho Chi Minh. www.history.com, A+E Networks, 2010, http://www.history.com/topics/vietnam-war/ho-chi-minh. Pettinger, Tejvan. Economic Impact of War. www.economicshelp.org, 2010, http://www.economicshelp.org/blog/2180/economics/economic-impact-of-war/ The Vietnam War (1945-1975). www.sparknotes.com, B+N, Works Cited http://www.sparknotes.com/history/american/vietnamwar/section2/page/2/ Biello, Blase. Vietnam War Aftermath. www.blogspot.com, 2010, http://blaseanwar.blogspot.com/2011/01/vietnam-war-aftermath_13.html History.com staff. Domino Theory. www.history.com, A+E Networks, 2009,ÂÂ   http://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/domino-theory

Paths Of Life :: essays research papers

The only way to know for sure if a path is right for you is to take and follow the path all the way to the end. Unfortunately life can only allow so many misdirection plays and crossing of paths. There are many paths to choose from and every decision everyday of one’s life can lead further down a path or force you to back up. Many people believe in one path and stick with it while others try to follow every path they get a hint of. Only one person can make this decision of a single or multiple path life and that person is you. There are many paths, but in specific four distinct groups. Every event in life can be placed on one of these four paths.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first major path in life is most closely related to the American Dream. This path takes one through a normal life. As the old American dream clichà © goes one grows up in a family with two stable parents and one other sibling. They go through their school years doing every activity from the second grade play to the senior prom. They eventually go through a four-year college and end up marrying a woman who has had a similar existence. Both work for a job they particularly like and wind up having two children, one boy, one girl and living in suburban America. They have a three-bedroom house, two cares and a wonderful bunch of neighbors. Their children will eventually follow in the same path. This path is the middle of the road path and either has a step up or a step down.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A step down from the American dream path would be the underachiever path. This starts with a person growing up in a somewhat dysfunctional family and winds up hating their early life. This path leads to a bad school experience and a state of anti-social behavior where the person misses every activity from the second grade play to the senior prom. This person will decide not to struggle through college and joins the work force out of high school. This person has no real life and completely hates their job. This person suffers though life in many different areas, which include socially, financially, and emotionally. They will wind up not having a family and will finish their life alone and sad. Thankfully there is always a step up from that crappy old American dream clichà ©.

Chechnya and its People Essay examples -- War Europe Essays

Chechnya and its People The ongoing civil war between the semi-autonomous republic of Chechnya and Russia has dramatically caught the attention of the world – a world that perceives the conflict primarily through the distorted lens of Russian propaganda, and the contradicting images of Chechen suffering on the independent media. If the West seems impartial or even indifferent to the Chechen conflict, it is because there is little understanding of this people, of their struggle, or of the vast complexities of the greater North Caucasian region in which the Chechens are a part. This lack of understanding extends to the hazy Western perception of the role of Islam in Chechen society. The broad generalizations that have been made by those in the media, by aid organizations, by the Russians, by Islamic groups, and by those in the American government are all politicized oversimplifications which seek to bring the core of the conflict to its lowest common denominator. Many of the claims revolve around Islam ; yet, few bother to take into account the greater character of Chechen society, or of the broader historical scope of change that Islam has followed in Chechnya. Often, Islam has changed in response to a Russian stimulus, but many of the Russian actions and reasons in this conflict are well documented. This study aims to analyze the Chechen role in the civil war – and the role of Islam in Chechnya – as opposed to the Russian role, which has been analyzed many times over. The North Caucasus It is difficult for Englishmen to take an intelligent interest in the internal affairs of Russia, owing to the vast number of problems involved, all of which depend upon varying local circumstances, and because comparatively few of us, ev... ...i International Magazine. 16 Oct. 2003 18. Menon, Rajan. â€Å"After Empire: Russia and the Southern ‘Near Abroad.’† The New Russian Foreign Policy. Ed. Micheal Mandelbaum. New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1998. 100-167 19. Chechnya : Tombstone of Russian Power 20. Islam in Chechnya. 13 March 1998 Univ. of California, Berkeley. 15 Oct. 2003 21. Kagarlitsky, Boris. Russia Under Yeltsin and Putin. London: Pluto Press, 2002. 22. Russia Under Yeltsin and Putin 23. Russia : Islamic Countries Unlikely to Help Chechnya. 19 Nov. 1999 Radio Free Europe, 19 Oct. 2003 24. Kagarlitsky, Boris. Russia Under Yeltsin and Putin. London: Pluto Press, 2002.

What Was the Role of Mr Vadlamani Srinivas ?, Ex-Cfo of Satyam Computer Services in the Accounting Scam

Mr V. Srinivas wilfully manipulated financial data and guided the staff in modifying the published results, which were false and forged. He revealed that the FDs were non-existent, results manipulated and he just signed on instructions from Mr B. Ramalinga Raju, ex-Chairman, in the Rs 7,136-crore financial fraud? Being at the centre of all financial dealings of Satyam, Mr V. Srinivas wilfully and actively manipulated financial data and guided the finance department staff in modifying the published results, which were false and forged.Mr Srinivas got the monthly bank statements of various banks forged, he got issued forged bank balance confirmation letters and got the forged letters signed by Mr B. Rama Raju (Ex-Managing Director), and brother of Mr Ramalinga Raju, showing purported transfer of funds and got forged FDs prepared. All these forged documents were used for fraudulently inflating the cash and bank balance artificially in the books of accounts for several years.Though Mr Sr inivas was never designated as Director, he subscribed his signature in the annual financial statements of the company as a Director, the investigating agency has charged. The ex-CFO dishonestly got the falsified, inflated sales invoices generated and fed in the Oracle Financials System. He was in league with the other accused persons and perpetrated the fraudulent acts. Further, Mr Srinivas guided the finance department personnel on the quantum of inflation of sales to be infused into the computer system from time to time.Rosy presentations Mr Srinivas along with Mr Ramalinga Raju gave deceptive replies on Satyam’s earnings during conference calls conducted every quarter to various investors, thus distorting the actual financial position. During board meetings and the audit committee meetings, the ex-CFO made rosy presentations of the company’s financial health, despite knowing the real financial position. Similarly, by conniving with the Raju brothers, he worked agai nst the interest of the company and shareholders, whose interests he was to protect.While being party to perpetrating the fraud with the Raju brothers and other accused, Mr Srinivas was a beneficiary. He gained from the dividends received and the amount got by offloading shares at opportune moments. Thus, he was privy to the offences. Although Ramalinga Raju has absolved his entire senior management of any wrongdoings, it is common knowledge that a financial crime of such magnitude could not have been committed without the knowledge of the bean counters. The person in focus here is Srinivas Vadlamani, the Chief ‘Fraud' Officer of Satyam.Willingly or unwillingly, Srinivas has been party to the accounting irregularities at Satyam. The Institute of Chartered Accounts of India (ICAI) has found Satyam’s former chief financial officer Srinivas Vadlamani and PWC auditor Srinivas Talluri, who signed the company’s financial audit, guilty of professional misconduct in the Rs 8,000-crore Satyam fraud — the biggest such case in India Inc. These two have been found guilty on three counts: †¢Failing to conduct proper due diligence of the accounts, †¢Gross negligence of their work & †¢Violating the ICAI’s code of conduct.

Out of Time

Out of Time is a poem written by Kenneth Slessor and is one of his personally favorite poems to date he has written. Time is personified in this poem, but also associated with the natural phenomenon of water, or vessels such as yachts seen on Slessor’s favorite location, Sydney Harbor (which is itself personified). Personification gives immediacy to an abstraction such as time, and elicits evaluative responses which are more arresting than an address to an abstraction could ever be. So Slessor finds that Time ‘enfolds me in its bed’, but – in the next line – it is ‘the bony knife’ which ‘runs me through. Seeing time everywhere, he notes that it flows through all things and his heart rebukes him: â€Å"Time flows, not you. † Kenneth Slessor constantly reminds us during the first part of the poem that time itself cannot be slowed down or stopped; it is just a force that never stops or runs out. He seems pessimistic about the subject of Time though, as he constantly keeps repeating himself which is why he chose the title for the poem as, ‘Out of Time’ because no matter what, Time will never stop for anyone or anything. He is the pawn of Time whose mastery is complete and indifferent to his emotions: it ‘drills me, drives through bone and vein’, just as ‘water bends the seaweeds in the sea. ’ Time may be cruelly dominant, but the speaker’s view of himself is worse: ‘the tide goes over but the weeds remain’. Yet the engagement with Time and its indifference to us. In both senses, we are, ‘Out of Time’: that is, at once part of its scheme, but then abandoned by it; and also (as in music) out of kilter with its rhythms and purposes. Contrastingly, in the second section, Time is now seen at a disadvantage (which, again, is given immediacy by personification). Time, always flowing, cannot abide in the lovely moments it affords. Ever changing, he is subservient to ‘to-morrow’ and deaf to the entreaties of such as ‘beauty’, urging him to be ‘still’. This is his ‘fate’. Slessor’s execration of Time intensifies as the stanzas proceed, as he proceeds himself through a depressing sequence of ‘dead now’s and heres’: ‘He keeps appointment with a million years’. In contrast, by implication, our limited human experience now begins to appear preferable: ‘I and the moment laugh, and let him go, / Leaning against his golden undertow. ’ Thesis and antithesis anticipate synthesis. Slessor’s threefold ordering of the poem has the structure of an argument. Accordingly, the third section celebrates what the first section denigrated: the moment out of time that liberates us from our time-bound world. Cleverly, Slessor takes a word separate from language to celebrate this escape from ordinariness. The speaker, so critical of himself earlier, now celebrates himself as ‘part’ of a dispensation that is ‘fleshless and ageless, changeless and made free†. His heart, in a rhetorical question, inquires: ‘Fool, would you leave this country? ’ But, as the first word suggest, it is not finally a rhetorical query, as the poem, in closing, returns to its beginning. Time’s ever-flowing processes cannot be resisted: ‘ I was taken by the suck of sea’, and mortality is grimly recovered is grimly recovered, along with the original imagery of the first section in a rhyming couplet that is too pat: ‘ The gulls go down, the body dies and rots, / And Time flows past them like a hundred yachts. In my opinion this is one of my favorite poems of Kenneth Slessor so far, as all 3 parts interconnect with each other which allows for very deep and meaningful analysis. He also discusses and describe that time cannot be controlled or stopped, it only flow’s on which most people and including me, can instantly relate to.

Reflaction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Reflaction - Essay Example Thus, it argues that there is no need of getting pregnant and later on procure abortions. The point is, it all depends with the mother on whether to abort or not. Some mothers feel it is good to have children because this will bring them joy, health and respect too. On the hand, others feel it is better to end a just-begun life. According to Arcana (227) states that the idea of being able to make own decisions is very important and women who are able to bear children are valued. Beargman (47) emphasizes on gender whereby some people always mistake a boy from a girl because of some features which they posses. According to Beargman (49), one might be inspired to know who exactly these people are; boys or girls. The idea of possessing these features is not new because such people are not in a position to reveal gender identity even though it is not pleasing to them. Pascode (36) argues that, interracial marriage is unnatural and immoral. In this way, racism is promoted instead of being fought against. This point of interracial marriage is not persuasive since it argues that if interracial marriage is practiced, this will lead to same-sex marriage (Pascode 37). These types of marriages nowadays are not something surprising even though there are laws against this. One would be inspired to know the reasons behind these marriages. Beargman (124) argues clearly that, those people with different features unlike their physical appearance might have some complications in their bodies and they are not willing to reveal their gender due to the fear of going through discrimination or suffering. The idea of hiding their gender is not persuasive because one might develop complex problems and die. It is not the wish of these people to be this way and therefore, they should be cared and valued just like any other human being (Beargman

Public Transportation in the UK Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Public Transportation in the UK - Article Example The fact that the value chain reflects upon the overall process of the business in a given industry as argued by Gerry Johnson and Kevan Scholes (2003) justifies the arguments in the previous sections that the information management system focusing on the ticketing and dynamic pricing will help accomplish efficient primary activity processing in the target market. From the arguments presented in this essay, it is clear that the efficiency in the railway industry is a critical element that is being affected by various macroeconomic factors. The PEST analysis also revealed that the railway industry possesses certain strengths like mass transportation, the geographical area covered, etc that can be used for the benefit of the business process itself. The SWOT analysis revealed that the efficiency in the target market can be increased through the efficient use of live finance information dynamically in order to fix the price for a certain journey between two given stations as argued by D ominic Fenn (2005). The review on the financial information system and the value chain also confirmed that the deployment of the system would not alter the system drastically but actually increase the operational efficiency of the system thus increasing the effectiveness of the system. Thus to conclude this report it is clear that the implementation of the Financial information system will help accomplish operational efficiency and increase the performance of the railway network as a whole.

Prototyping in Graphic design Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Prototyping in Graphic design - Research Paper Example Graphic designers do not generate attributes and abstract relationships then derive the suitable object to consider. They instead always generate a design model and then find out its specifications. This paper looks at how design tools enable graphic designers to create functional prototypes of ever-present user interfaces. This scholarly compilation of modern essays applies quantifiable study to the graphic design practice. The whole book heartens designers to develop practices that are research-oriented which are more all-encompassing of audience input along with interdisciplinary proficiency. This is an educational book for any teacher of design. Buxton advises us to spotlight more on the blueprint of the design development than the product design. An efficient method to do this, he cites, is by â€Å"sketching† (demos, prototypes, sketches, simulations, models). Throughout this book he as well heartens teachers to incorporate into their classrooms additional scholarship, a history sense and a joint approach to the process of design. The book has provoking interviews along with genuine world examples. This is a useful guide to managing and forming a graphic design business. It is increasingly helpful for learners as many are trying to start on their careers at first as freelancers as a substitute of employees. This book outlines a greatly helpful timeframe of graphic design from 1890 to 2000. In essence, it is an efficient sketch of the history of graphic design, allowing learners to speedily put designers along with their work into chronological background. This collection of current essays and case studies initiates designers to research tools made particularly for graphic design. It covers â€Å"research through design, research into design and research for design.† Most of the research methodologies regard design as a segment of an integrated system. (11) Martin, Bella, and Bruce M. Hanington. Universal

Based on Epistomological research- Are law enforcement cameras an Research Paper

Based on Epistomological - Are law enforcement cameras an invasion of privacy - Research Paper Example This paper aims to show that the use of law enforcement cameras is an invasion of privacy, a fact that should be taken into consideration by legislators and policy makers internationally. Academic literature published on this issue is used for supporting the above argument. At the same time, reports published by organizations in common law countries, i.e. UK, USA and Canada, are presented so that any conclusion is fully justified. The legal implications of law enforcement cameras have been extensively explored in the academic literature. A series of studies have been chosen for supporting this paper’s thesis that the use of law enforcement cameras should be considered as an invasion of privacy. Froomkin (2000) explains that ‘Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) cameras and video recorders are broadly used for monitoring public spaces’ (Froomkin 1577). Reference is made to these cameras’ expansion in UK as a result of the country’s need to secure the safe ty of its citizen by IRA’s terrorist attacks (Froomkin 1577). ... regard to the existing privacy laws; b) the First Amendment that refers to ‘the freedom of association’ (Froomkin 1506) can be used for setting borders to the expansion of these cameras in public spaces. Referring specifically to the English law of privacy, Lord Walker (2010) notes that ‘the tort of invasion of privacy in UK is rather recent’ (Walker 1); in fact, the initial reference to the violation of privacy, as a tort, in the English courts can be identified in the case ‘Douglas v Hello in 2000’ (Walker 2). The above decision reflects the alignment of the British legislation, especially of the Human Rights Act of 1998, with the ‘European Convention on Human Rights’ (Walker 2), where the right of each individual ‘to respect for his private and family life’ (article 8) is clearly set. At the next level, the Human Rights Act of 1998 notes that it is not allowed to public authorities to proceed to initiatives that viol ate the right of individuals to privacy, as this right is secured by the European Convention (Walker 2). It is made clear though that the terms of the Convention for privacy may be violated if it is not possible for public authorities to act in a different way (Walker 2). According to the above, the use of law enforcement cameras can be characterized as a violation to the Convention’s orders because of the following: the public authorities may use different tools for controlling public spaces; the use of security guards could be a potential alternative for protecting public spaces without violating the right to privacy. Taylor (2002) also claims that the use of CCTV cameras can be considered as opposed to the article 8 of the European Convention; it is suggested that the use of these cameras is appropriately regulated so that the

Edward Jones As One Of The Famous Organization In The Brokerage Case Study

Edward Jones As One Of The Famous Organization In The Brokerage Industry - Case Study Example The firm deals in individual bonds and stocks and mainly targeted the rural and sub urban areas. But wit time as the firms succeed, it decided to enter the fast growing economies but to its shock it faced difficulty in entering the urban areas with its concept. Thus the paper deals with the strategy that the firm adopted in order to stay competitive and competitive advantage over its competitors. The brokerage industry suffered a huge threat from the financial analysis such as the banks which also started to provide similar kind of offerings as the brokerage firms. To overcome this threat and make a place in the minds of the customers the firm decided to adopt the differentiation and expansion strategy offering the customers services which they look forward for and ensure high savings. The report deals with internal and external assessment of the industry and the firm by implementing the tools such as PEST analysis, Porters five force and VIRO Analysis. The current strategies have be en discussed along with the current issues and each of the alternatives is evaluated and finally recommendation has been provided to Edward Jones to adapt to the expansion strategy. Contents Executive Summary 2 External Assessment 4 Internal Assessment 5 Current Strategies 6 Key Issues 7 Implementable Strategic Alternatives 8 Criteria and Evaluation of Alternatives by Criteria 9 Recommendation and its Implementation 10 Limitations and Critique of Recommendation 10 Reference 12 Exhibits 13 Exhibit 1: External Assessment 13 Exhibit 2: Internal Analysis 15 Exhibit 3: Structure of strategic Alternatives 17 Exhibit 4: Assumption and Justification 19 Exhibit 5: NPV of Expansion Strategy 20 Exhibit 6: Action plan 21 External Assessment The retail brokerage industry enabled the individual consumers to invest in financial assets such as bonds and stocks. The industry has grown in the second half of the 20 century which has increased the individual ownership of financial assets and also incre ased the demand for brokerage services. A fundamental shift in the income level has also increased the responsibility of individuals for retirement’s assets. The brokerage business also grew with the rise in value of stock market. This increase made the stock much more attractive. With the baby boomer generation reaching the phase of retirement their financial concern has shifted from the accumulation of savings for retirement to the distribution of the assets. The retail brokerage industry showed growth opportunity in the field on technology and social factors. With an increased in the pension plans, people started to invest more giving rise to retail brokerage. Also with low substitute, the retail brokerage industry has the opportunity to grow and regain its place which it had made few years back. Opportunity lies with the adoption of new and latest technology along with moderate price, the retail brokerage industry has a wide opportunity to flourish in the world of online investment. This factor can also lead to threat because the number of online users has increased, missing out the attention by individual broker (Exhibit 1) However threat lies with the risk of entry of potential competitors which tends to increase the number of competitors and diversity of the products. Another weakness lies with the firm’s brand value which still stands behind in terms of brand awareness in the urban areas and with more of the clients using off the online services poses a huge threat for Edward Jones. Internal Assessment Edward Jones is a brokerage firm and serves only individual consumers and has segmented customers based on three criteria, retires preretirees and the small business owners. Edward Jones became the fourth largest broker

Ryanair marketing strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Ryanair marketing strategies - Essay Example According to the research findings Ryanair began its operations in 1985 with a single 15-seater plane, primarily a conventional airline from Dublin and Waterford in the Ireland Republic to London. During the initial years of operations, the airline faced significant financial challenges, which led to losses in the company. After an analysis of its marketing strategies, the company decided to re-launch in 1990/1991 as a â€Å"no frills†, low cost air carrier, replicating the business model of American Southwest Airline. Since then, price has been the integral marketing strategy of the company, promoting and maintaining its growth in the European low-cost airline industry. These changes were the ideas of Michael O’Leary, initially the financial controller of the company. O’Leary, now the chief executive officer at the company, persuaded Tony Ryan (owner) to redress financial issues affecting the company at the time. He developed a marketing strategy based on Americ an Southwest Airlines, introducing the concept of low-cost, â€Å"no frills† in the airline. These changes stemmed the losses of the company, as well as turning the venture into a huge success. According to statistics, the company posted a profit after tax of 303million dollars in 2006, a 13% increase from that recorded in 2005. Currently, the airline operates in more than 146 routes to 84 different destinations in 16 countries, carrying more than 15 million passengers annually. Further, the airline plans to become the largest airliner in Europe in a few years. By any standards, one can consider the company as successful, primarily based on its growth in the market as well as its profitability. 2. Mission and Strategy The objective of Ryanair is to be the largest and leading low-cost airline in Europe through continuous expansions and improvements in its low-cost services. The primary objective that are in place to achieve this include, low-cost fare, industry-leading custome r service, strong commitment to quality and safety maintenance, flight services on short-haul routes, leveraging the internet, and low operating costs that address personnel productivity, aircraft and equipment, airport access fees and customer service costs. The principal policy of Ryanair is to offer the lowest flight fares available from any carrier (Gugenheimer, 2006:67). For instance, the company often matches the prices of a competitor if they lower their prices. Consequently, one may consider this anomaly given that the company has a strong commitment to provide quality customer service, but these two strategic elements are complementary insofar as the company is concerned. Ryanair strategically uses small regional airports for its flight operations, keeping the operations costs low as well as providing a less congested traffic alternative for its customers travelling, thus less delays. Additionally, the frequent, short-haul flights do not require provision of complex service s such as food and drinks, as they are rather short compared

The Story of a Mother Essay Example for Free

The Story of a Mother Essay Sisa ran quickly home, confused. She feared that the civil guards may have arrested his son Basilio already. When she reached home, she saw the two civil guards leaving with only her hen. She tried to walk past them but the civil guards caught her and demanded to know where her sons are. Sisa begged the guards for mercy, saying she does not know where her sons are nor does she have the gold coins they are accusing Crispin of stealing. With no other recourse, the civil guards forcibly brought her back to the barracks. Sisa, to spare her from humiliation, begged them to at least allow her some distance between them. The civil guards obliged, giving her a distance of 20 steps. They eventually reached the barracks and Sisa was imprisoned. Not wanting to bother themselves of inquiring about her, no one bothered to report to the alferez. After two hours, the alferez, rival of the curate, dismissed Father Salvi’s allegations against her and ordered her to be freed. Sisa hurriedly ran back home once again but did not find Basilio. She ran to Tasio the Sage but he was not home. Instinctively, she went home and upon entering the hut, she saw a piece of torn and bloodied cloth from Basilio’s shirt. She cried out for her children throughout the night. Come morning, Sisa can be seen smiling and talking to everyone.

Development of the Korean film industry

Development of the Korean film industry CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION This dissertation consists of six chapters. The first chapter gives a detailed background of the Korean Film Industry, its origin and development and how it has led to the so-called ‘Korean wave or ‘Korean fever†. It also explains this term in order to give a better understanding of the title. The next chapter consists of literature review, which will form the basis of the findings and the conclusion. The third chapter is a case study, I which the top films of Korea will be discussed and compared with some top Chinese films. The fourth chapter will go on to explain the methodology that will be used in this dissertation to facilitate the findings and arrive at the conclusion. It will explain the methods used in the research and the research questions around which the dissertation revolves. The third and fourth chapters will form the crux of this dissertation. The next chapter provides the findings and analysis of the study based on mostly on the literature review and the research method used. This chapter will deal with the analysis and evaluation of the Korean film industry with respect to the Chinese market and provide the answers to the research questions posed in the previous chapter. The last chapter, that is chapter six, will provide a conclusion, that is, a result of the findings and will be followed by recommendations to ensure that the Korean film industry continues to grow. 1.1 Background A countrys film industry represents the culture, and lifestyles of the people living in that country. The Korean fever or Korea wave is normally regarded as the substantially enhanced popularity of South Korean culture all over the world. Besides, it is regarded as Hallyu (Hangul:; Hanja RR: Hallyu), from the Korean pronunciation. In this connection, this term was coined in China in the middle of 1999 by journalists in Beijing, China, surprised by the rapid increase in the popularity of contemporary South Korean culture as well as entertainment business in mainland China. The Korean film industry represents the film industries of North Korea and South Korea. While both these countries have relatively strong film industries, only the South Korean Industry has been able to achieve international acclaim and recognition. The North Korean film industry still revolves around topics like communism and revolutionary ideas. As is the case with all other industries and aspect of life in Korea, its film industry has also had to endure the heavy influence of political incidents. Be it the Joseon Dynasty or the Korean War, the governmental influence is evident in the Korean cinema. Since the beginning, the Korean film industry revolved around such scenarios as politics, wars, and even the activities of the government. A number of variables, such as the impact of the strategies undertaken by the most successful Hollywood film producers, the availability of a large budget, and the quality of the films produced in Korea, itself had a profound influence on the film industry of Korea. 1.2 Development of the Korean Film Industry The first movie theatre of Korea was established in 1903. Before the existence of this movie theatre, the European and American films kept the Korean film screens occupied. Not only this, but in the period 1926-1930, it was the Japanese who owned, and operated the Korean cinemas. It was during this time that a series of films were launched, that provided the beginning of quality films in China. Despite the fact that the film industry of Korea was at its peak in the 1950s, yet in the 1970s and 1980s with the countrys rapid economic growth, the Korean government was under pressure to liberalize is import policies and financial markets for all industries. The film industry had depended upon the quota system to gain screen time for its product and to make sure a certain amount of revenue. The production of the Hollywood blockbuster films, itself, was a continuous threat to the film industry of Korea, not only in terms of its decreasing market share, but also down to the question of its survival. The market share was witnessing a downward trend because the Korean films were produced with a low budget and low quality in the face of the blockbuster films produced by Hollywood. As a result, the market share had dropped to as low as 15% in the late 1980s. However, soon after that, the transformation of Korean film industry had started, and Korean cinema earned recognition as a commercial cinema outside the country after the success of the blockbusters, such as the film â€Å"Shiri†. The movie was produced in 1999, and captured an audience of approximately 5 million people, making it to the top of the South Korean films. The film was so successful that it broke the records for the all time favourite, â€Å"Titanic†, and welcomed the entry of the many film prod ucers who were keen to produce internationally repudiated films for Korea. In the process, the market share of the Korean films rose to 39.7%. A number of Korean films followed the league of â€Å"Shiri†, and the fact that the government had introduced a new legislation, allowing a two day weekend for the Koreans, gave rise to the success of the Korean cinemas. In the process, the film industry of Korea was reported to grow by approximately 18% each year, and according to a variety of sources, in a period of nine years only, the market share of the Korean films had grown from 15% to 45.2%. This was taken as a good omen by many of the most successful moviemakers of Hollywood who immediately stepped in the film industry of Korea, in order to obtain licenses so as to reproduce those Korean films that had been the most successful on the box office. In these connections, the relations between national cinema and history is refraction, fluid rather than reflection, and what is intriguing about contemporary Korean cinema is how the shared political history of the 1980s has become a commercial lure for the audience. Recently, the popularity of the Korean films, Korean music, and even Korean dramas has been increasing in Asia, with the Chinese being the major viewers of such Korean television programs. With such immense success and popularity of the Korean TV programs in countries such as Taiwan, Hong Kong, China, along with other parts of Asia, it is not unusual to find the influence of the Korean culture and traditions, as portrayed on the Korean screens, on the Asians. Due to this rapid spread of the Korean lifestyle, and culture in most of the Asian countries especially china, the Chinese used the word â€Å"Hallyu† to refer to the influence of Korean culture in other countries primarily through the media. This had been initiated by the broadcasting of â€Å"Daejanggeum†, a Korean drama, which made China the greatest victim of the Korean influence in 2005. Soon after, a number of articles on the new Korean wave began to be featured in journals, magazines, news papers, etc. It was even believed that the major reason for the Korean influence lies in the fact that the Korean government took advantage of the Korean screens to step out of the financial crisis, thus taking major steps to promote their film industry, and export their films. The fact that China and Korea share some similarities, not only in terms of their culture, but also down to civilizations and philosophies, explains such a deep impact of the Korean films on the Chinese. Today, both North Korea and South Korea have extremely flourished film industries. However, when it comes to global acclaim, it is undoubtedly film industry of South Korea which seems to capture the international market. The movies of North Korea focus more on rebellious, radical and insurgent themes. 1.2 Structure The aim of this research is to evaluate and analyze the relative success of the Korean film industry, and the influence of the Korean cultures in many of the Asian countries, especially China. The focus of this thesis is attempting to summarize and analyze whether and how this Korean wave is shaped in China mainland market and how it has impacted to Chinese audiences by critically commenting the latest top five Korean movies compared with the latest top five Chinese movies, reviewing the previous research findings and performing box-office performance analysis in the captured period. This will give information as to how the Korean film industry has impacted the population of China. It also aims to analyze the factors that have led to the Korean fever, and to what extent have the Chinese been influenced as the Korean traditions become prevalent in China, and other parts of Asia. The area of the research will mainly focus on the Korean film industry, as well as the film industry of China, since the top movies produced by both the countries will be compared. The area of the research will also include the other Asian countries, and the Korean cinema influence on their activities. The research objectives involve analyzing the performance of the Korean movies and the impact that they have had on Asian markets, in particular, China. The research methodology The data in this thesis is analyzed using a variety of sources. First of all, the box office performance is analyzed over the recent period, the data obtained from the Korean Film Council. The data captured from this source helped assess the market performance of the Korean films. The data is further broken down into sub-periods in order to evaluate the dynamics of the Korean films market performance. Finally, appropriate statistical techniques are used to assist our analysis. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 The Korean Wave The â€Å"Korean Wave† or hallyu ( í•Å"ë ¥Ëœ) refers to the time period of 1990s, when Korean culture was internationally visible, not only in East Asia but even countries like United States saw a rapid surge of Korean values. Television serials, pop music, feature films and other musical forms are all part of the wave phenomenon. As the Korean wave is associated with the spread of Korean culture, it is referred as both national and a trans-national phenomenon. A great number of researched have been conducted to evaluate why and how pop culture of Korea was famous in other countries. These two regarding the success of Korean wave are distinct but not so related to each other. When government use sales figures of other countries to measure the success of Korean wave, overseas consumers are considered the arbiters of Korean culture. This signifies the ironic impact of the success of Korean culture; not only people in Korea but non Korean consumers are also being entertained by the Korean media. Infact, it was a Chinese journalist who coined the term ‘Korean wave or (hanliu éŸ © æ µ ) to describe the surprising effect of the rapid increase in popularity of contemporary South Korean culture as well as entertainment business in mainland China. Researchers believe that Korean wave is the interaction of many fields. The variable of pop culture existing in phenomenon of Korean wave has allowed it to be studied in cultural studys field (Chua and Iwabuchi 2008; Howard 2006). It is also studied along the dimensions of marketing and business, as government, promoters and corporate agents were selling the Korean culture as a commodity in the international arena. (Cho and Kang 2005; Han and Lee 2008; Kim and others 2008; Lee, Scott, and Kim 2008). It was also evaluated as being an important concept in the political arena. The Korean government undertook measures like subsidizing the cost of reediting for the international market. Such policies and regulations by government ensured that the Korean film industry expanded successfully in other countries. (Chua and Iwabuchi 2008, 28). Suddenly, Korean government started using pop star figures to attract tourists. (Yu-Shan Lin and Hwang 2008). 2.2 Growth of The Korean Culture In 2003, when a Korean drama serial ‘ Winter Sonata was broadcasted by Japaneses stations, it quickly became popular. Suddenly, yhe Korean mass culture gained popularity in Asian countries ( HAN, 2004:124-125) along with the word Hallyu. The word Hallyu was then associated not only with the rapid spread of Korean culture but also with the economc boom in Korea. According to G, a researcher at SAMSUNG Economic Research Institutute, Korean wave or Hallyu was developed through four stages. In the first stage, Korean culture became popular with the increased production of films, and dramas. Second stage signified the increasing demand of products associated with the famous pop idols. In the third stage, people moved on to buy Korean goods and services like electronic products which were not directly related to pop stars. People perceived a desirable impression of Korea in the fourth stage of Hallyus developmental; cycle. 2.3 Changes in Korean Domestic Market Okon Hwang and Hillary Finchum-Sung are two researchers who were concerned with the the effects of Korean Wave on the local market. Essay written by Okon Hwang title ‘No ‘Korean Wave Here: Western Classical Music and the Changing Value System in South Korea attempts to evaluate and analyze the positive impact of changing the flow of information on the successful expansion of a countrys culture. According to statistics, there has been a rapid increase in the Korean TV programs exported since 1988. This growth rate of export was more evident during the spread of Korean wave and with a sudden decrease in the foreign TV program in Korea. Since the launch of broadcasting industry in Koreas, majority of the shows broadcasted were American programs. Factors like lack of technical skills, experience and technological equipments hindered the production and the broadcast of local TV shows. The national broadcasting station of Korea was established in 1961, and since then it was dependent on foreign TV programs to fulfill the entertainment needs of the population. It was America that introduced TV sets, radio, transmitters and colored became possible when international firms gained a consensus to stop the manufacturing of monochrome TV sets. (JOUNG AND JANG, 2000:142) An audience rating survey in 1996 reflected that American programs were most popular among the Korean population. The time allotted to the broadcast of these shows increased till mid 1970s, after which more local TV programs were broadcasted. Although American TV shows like wonder women, six million dollar man, bionic woman were very popular during 1970s, but at the same time local shows increased in quality and the audience rating for them surged rapidly. A fall in the import of American TV programs was not only due to the improvement in production and broadcasting technology, but government regulations contributed significantly to reduce imports. An order of military government to broadcast limited number of shows resulted in a competitive race between the broadcasting stations where each and every station was striving hard to increase the ratings of domestic shows. The audience rating thereby, compelled broadcasting stations to improve the quality of local shows, develop a better infrastructure and acquire superior equipments. Moreover, Asian games and Olympics held in Seoul contributed a lot in increasing the audience rating of the local programs. While Korean TV shows gained popularity in 1980s, the market share of Korean films did not increase till 1990s. From the 200 movies that were produced during 1970s, only a few of them were able to break the records. Contrasting to the broadcasting industry, film industry produced movies since 1960s and was exposed to the stringent control and regulations by government. The government not only controlled the production and distribution facilities of films, but the censor department limited the freedom expression by controlling the content of movies. The establishment of the ‘law of cinema reduced the number of production firms from 70 to less than 20 and import restriction made it difficult to acquire imports without the permission of government. The year 1984 proved to be a turning point for the Korean film industry. It was during this year that censorship standards and import regulations were revised. Moviemakers were able to release movies simply after filling a permission fo rm and foreign films gained an entry in the Korean market escalating the competition level. CHANGES IN BROADCASTING REGULATIONS AND POLICIES: The following section has categorized the growth of Korean broadcasting industry into five stages and explains the policies of government during those stages. In the pre-takeoff stage, the TV broadcasting was not considered very important. A small number of studios existed and number of TV viewers was also limited. Authoritarian regimes existed in Korea during this pre-takeoff stage and throughout this time local media was used according to government objectives and mission. Only those dramas and movies were broadcasted which were I n line with the aims of the government. The interests of state were valued more than the interests of public( KWAK 2009). The government controlled the entry, the content and the distribution channels as well. The laws such as ‘practice outline, ‘administrative advice and ‘purification of the broadcast ensured that government controlled each and every stage of broadcasting from production to distribution of movies and dramas. In 1945, the Japanese movies, music and dramas were banned in Korea which compelled local broadcasting stations to improve the local dramas. During the transition from pre-take off to take off 1 stage, the broadcasting stations expanded rapidly, and government started imposing rules and regulations. The government control was also backed up by the military control of the government. In the takeoff stage 2, all stations were unified into two networks. In the maturity stage, the democratization of politics greatly affected the cultural industry. Commercial broadcaster entered the industry and government viewed this industry as a potential one in terms of supporting the economy. There was a shift in paradigm and government undertook several policies in 1990 to support the industry. Ownership for commercial broadcasting Outsourcing production programs was allowed Human resource training of broadcasting professional Participation in trade fairs was encouraged A broadcast video industry promotion plan was introduced All these policies supported the broadcasting industry to move from the maturity to the expansion stage. EFFECTS OF POLICIES The control of foreign flow of information and the supporting policies contributed immensely to the growth of the cultural industry. Allowing the outsourcing of production programs meant that there an increase in the independent production companies which created a competitive environment causing different station to find ways to increase the quality and standard of services if they were to remain in the industry. The infrastructure facilities supported the growth of small firms which handled operation for the independent companies. The ban of Japanese programs proved as an incentive for the local producers. However, some other government policies like increasing the participation in trade fairs was not effective as many negotiations were done outside the fair. The direct financial supported did not have any significant impact on the export of domestic programs as large proportion of it was given to the documentary programs. CHANGES IN THE FILM INDUSTRY This section has grouped the development of film industry in four stages. The film industry existed for many years unlike the broadcasting industry. Expanding the domestic market size of film industry proved to be difficult because of the different economic environment of the film industry. The advertisements were the most important source of revenue for the broadcasting industry, thereby it was related to economic development of country. However, the souce of revnue for the film industry was sales in box office and for that it was neccsary to produce some block buster movies. In the pre- takeoff stage, government introduce ‘ law of cinema to support the industry. It believed that it was important to increase the size of production companies and for that it restricted the entry in film industry. It became essential for companies to have a certaing amount of production facilities and equipments before they could enter. Moreover the policies related to censorship made it difficult to export film in foreign countries. In the take off stage, theatre entrance fees was increased, which contributed to the expansion of market size. Although the strict policies of censor existed as well as other governments controls, still the market was seen to expand with just the increase in entrance fees. In 1984, when restrictions were removed, the film industry moved to the maturity stage with number of film companies increasing, talented people were attracted and it appealed the electronic companies as well. Foreign distribution companies entered the local market, increasing the standard of competition. In the expansion stage, the quality of Korean movies increased significantly and various Korean movies won international awards. EFFECTS OF POLICIES. The introduction of screen quota system ensured that a certain budget and screening time was allocated to movies. The educational support by Korean Academy of Film Arts supprted the industry by providing talented actors. Indirect financial system such as loans proved to be an incetive for moviemakers. The foreign distribution policies such as supporting filmmakers to participate in international festivals helped in making global networks. 2.4 Positive Effects of the Korean Wave As mentioned above, Korean government contributed a lot towards the development of the Korean wave. The government aided the media industries, broadcasting stations and networks to expand and promote the Korean pop culture internationally. The main aim behind this action was to boost up the Korean economy and develop a positive national image. The government was successful in achieving both of the aims. Korean pop stars attracted attention of viewers all over the world. Korean government took advantage of their increasing popularity and used them to gain attention for other commercial sectors such as the tourism sector of Korea. The success of TV drams like â€Å"Winter Sonata† attracted tourist from around the world who visited Korea especially to see places where this drama was filmed. Businesses like travel agents were also taking advantage of the situation by customizing the themes of group tours according to the themes of different dramas for e.g. a tour was titled â€Å"Best of Korean drama trailer deluxe tour†. Pop idols or drama stars revolutionized the consumer culture of Korea. Food and fashion trends (including make-up, clothing) were changing and consumers all over Korea were suddenly following their favorite drama stars. Theses consumers called themselves the members of ‘Korean tribe. Consumers not only imitated the fashion style of their idols but went ahead to look like their idols with the help of plastic surgery. The posters and pictures of Korean stars were seen everywhere, from backpacks to notebooks and the wall. For example, Inlingua school in Singapore reported a 60% increase in the number of students willing to learn Korean in 2003 as compared to 2001 because of the attention generated by Korean movies and dramas. Almost every organization in the Korean economy benefitted from Korean wave. Pop stars were used to sell different goods and service. Celebrity endorsements were used extensively to promote superior brand image. Pop idols took advantage of their gaining popularity through several means. According to news, Actor Kwon Sang Woo charged $200 for some seats at a fan meeting in Tokyo. Tickets were also auctioned online for as much as $500. Moreover, according to a match making service, the role of pop stars as being romantic lovers led to the perception Korean men were generally like that in real life as well. It was due to this fact that more than 6400 female required match making services to find suitable Korean lover for them. The impact of the Korean wave was not only limited to the Korean economy, but it affected the lives of pop idols themselves. After Korean wave, Korean male celebrities like , Bae Yong Joon were one of the highest paid actors in the worldwide film industry. There are some positive impacts associated with the consideration of Korean wave as a transnational phenomenon. Apart from earning foreign currency for the local economy, it helped in improving the foreign relations of Korea. Korea had a long history of diplomatic frictions with the neighboring countries. Korean soldiers fought against the Liberation Army of Vietnam and it established ties with Beijing in 1992 at the cost of its relations with Taipei. 2.5 Negative Effects of the Korean Wave Korean wave has been criticized due to several reasons. It isbelieved that it was introduction of foreign films in Korean cinemas that threatened the Korean culture. According to a Chinese news magazine, government of South Korea was representing its culture as the essence of Asian culture. Before the Korean wave, classical music has been a part of cultural accomplishments and was a source of pride for the Korean population. But after the Korean wave, classical music and culture was suddenly replaced by the pop culture. Increasing Demand for the pop culture was no longer considered a problem and government exported it to foreign countries. There was an overall change in the conceptual framework as the Ministry of Sports and tourism promoted venues and advertising campaigns by incorporating classical and pop culture. Finchum-Sung explained how the dynamics of these new measures resulted in the formation of new form of cultural production. The neighbouring countries of Korea undertook several measures to protect their own entertainment industry. Chinese media limited the amount of time for the broadcast of Korean dramas. The government of Vietnam also threatened to ban Korean shows if the number of Vietnamese shows on Korean television was not increased. Taiwan also considered limiting the foreign shows played on national television. All these examples prove that countries were retaliating against the success of Korean wave. 2.6 The Korean Wave in China and Japan The development of the Korean wave phenomenon was most evident in China and Japan because of several reasons. The culture of Korea, China and Japan are very similar to each other. the Korean wave initially began in China, which is the most attractive and profitable market for the Korean products. Japan also happens to be the biggest consumer market of Asia. According to Jung, Japanese TV dramas were creatively transformed for the production of Korean dramas which contributed immensely to the increasing popularity of Korean dramas among young people all over Asia, including Japan and China (Iwabuchi 2008, 153). In fact the concept of Korean wave has generated a new dimension in the one way flow of globalization and researchers have been forced to revise it (Kim Sujeong 2009; Jeon and Yoon 2005). Korean wave is an appropriate example of mutual circulation of cultural values between the non-western countries. It questions the existing theories relating to the belief that information flows from western to non-western countries. According to the imperialism theory, capitalist societies of west have threatened the growth of non-western cultures and have homogenized them. (Schiller, 1976, 1991; Hamelink, 1983; Mattelart, 1984). Even during 1970s the unilateral structure of information flow was based on dependency theory suggesting that information was sent by First World countries and received by Third World countries. In 1980s, some new approaches developed with the growth of media in Korea. These new approaches extended the application of imperialism domination to the field of communication technology. However, this was also criticized by researchers, (Tomlinson, 1989 ; Friedman, Pieterse Hall) according to whom the information was not exchanged unilaterally. The imperialism theory was then replaced by globalization, which promoted a greater understanding of diverse cultures. (Friedman, 267. Pieterse also argues that the impact of non-western culture on west should not be ignored (Pieterse, 307~9). The growth of global television in 1990s contributed significantly to flow of information from Asian economies to western economies. (Barker, 1999). As the media in Asian markets grew, western TV programs were imported to these nations while at the same time TV programs of these nations were exported to western countries. Therefore Chan (2000) addressed that China could be a centre of this unique mass cultural expansion in Asian regions. 2.7 Factors Supporting the Korean Wave in China There are many contextual and textual factors that are thought by researchers to have facilitated the rapid expansion of the Korean wave in China. Contextual factors are all those which consist of the wider aspect of Sino-Korean relationship as well as the various changes in China which helped in the diffusion of Korean culture in China. These factors include the relationship between China and Korea, the cultural exchange in Asia, the reforms in the Chinese culture â€Å"industry† and the Chinese audience. On the other hand, the textual aspect has more to do with the strength of the Korean drama and includes factors like the similarity between the cultures of the two countries (resulting in an emotional involvement) and the fact that the Chinese audience see the Korean cinema as a mixture of traditional values with modern style, which adds to its appeal. CONTEXTUAL FACTORS Contextual factors consist of wide aspect of Sino-Korean relationship as well as varied changes in China, which supported the diffusion of Korean culture in china. Sino-Korean relations and cultural exchange within Asia There have been historical and geographical connections between China and Korea. The reltions between both the countries have been strained sice the communist regime. However in 1992, diplomatic relations improved leading to superior economic and cultural ties. Due to its open policy, china has always permitted the expansion of foreign culture in its region. Many cultures like Japanese, and Taiwan were imported to China.by 1990s, Korean culture also started spreading rapidly in China. China has been a hub of Confucianism for many years. Socialist culture was not a source of satisfaction for Chinese people. Western culture was also not popular among Chinese people. They did not accept Japanese culture